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This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information on systems integration rigs, commonly referred to as “Iron Birds” for aerospace applications. a It includes background historical information including descriptions of Iron Birds produced to date, important component elements and selection rationale, hydraulic system design and operational modes and illustrates the design approaches to be considered. b It provides illustrations of the various systems that should be considered for Iron Bird testing in the development phase and utilization during the production program. c It includes recommendations for simulation, component development tests, system integration and lessons learned.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides descriptions of aircraft flight control actuation system failure-detection methods. The fault-detection methods are those used for ground and in-flight detection of failures in electrohydraulic actuation systems for primary flight controls.

Modern air vehicles consist of many subsystems, traditionally managed as a federation of independent subsystems. Advances in control technologies, digital electronics and electro-mechanical hardware, provide potential opportunities to integrate subsystems for future aircraft. This document does not define any particular integration strategy. Its purpose is to provide information about traditional federated subsystems from the functional, control, resource, and hardware perspective. To be able to integrate subsystems, one must have a basic understanding of the subsystems, and this document provides an introduction or starting point for initiating the integration process.

This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides general requirements for a generic, integrated rudder and brake pedal unit, incorporating a passive force-feel system that could be used for fixed-wing fly-by wire transport and business aircraft. This ARP addresses the following: The functions to be implemented The mechanical interconnection between captain and F/O station The geometric and mechanical characteristics The mechanical, electrical, and electronic interfaces The safety and certification requirements

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides design information of various contemporary aircraft fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control actuation systems that may be useful in the design of future systems for similar applications. It is primarily applicable to manned aircraft. It presents the basic characteristics, hardware descriptions, redundancy concepts, functional schematics, and discussions of the servo controls, failure monitoring, and fault tolerance. All existing FBW actuation systems are not described herein; however, those most representing the latest designs are included. While this AIR is intended as a reference source of information for aircraft actuation system designs, the exclusion or omission of any other appropriate actuation system or subsystem should not limit consideration of their use on future aircraft.

Modern air vehicles consist of many subsystems, traditionally managed as a federation of independent subsystems. Advances in control technologies, digital electronics and electro-mechanical hardware, provide potential opportunities to integrate subsystems for future aircraft. This document does not define any particular integration strategy. Its purpose is to provide information about traditional federated subsystems from the functional, control, resource, and hardware perspective. To be able to integrate subsystems, one must have a basic understanding of the subsystems, and this document provides an introduction or starting point for initiating the integration process. The focus is on the aircraft subsystems, which includes utility, flight and propulsion control (e.g., electric power, environmental control subsystem (ECS), fuel, etc.) The depth of the information intends to provide an introduction to the subsystems.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidelines for the configuration and design of mechanical control signal transmission systems and subsystems. It is focused on the recommended practices for designing cable and pulley, pushrod and bellcrank and push-pull flexible cable control systems. These systems are typically used in some combination to transmit pilot commands into primary, secondary and utility control system commands (mechanical or electrical) or aircraft surface commands. On mechanically controlled aircraft, most pilot control commands are initiated through cockpit mounted wheels, sticks, levers, pedals or cranks that are coupled by pushrods or links to cable systems. The cable systems are routed throughout the aircraft and terminated in close proximity to the commanded surface or function where cranks and pushrods are again used to control the commanded function.

The scope of this document is limited to encompass terminology, symbols, performance criteria and methods reflecting the current status of the technology.

The scope of this document is limited to encompass terminology, symbols, performance criteria and methods reflecting the current status of the technology.

This AIR provides descriptions of aircraft actuation system failure-detection methods. The methods are those used for ground and in-flight detection of failures in electrohydraulic actuation systems for primary flight control. The AIR concentrates on full Fly-By-Wire (FBW) flight control actuation though it includes one augmented-control system. The background to the subject is discussed in terms of the impact that factors such as the system architecture have on the detection methods chosen for the flight control system. The types of failure covered by each monitoring technique are listed and discussed in general. The way in which these techniques have evolved is illustrated with an historical review of the methods adopted for a series of aircraft, arranged approximately in design chronological order.

This information report (AIR) provides design information of various contemporary aircraft fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control actuation systems that may be useful in the design of future systems for similar applications. It is primarily applicable to manned aircraft. It presents the basic characteristics, hardware descriptions, redundancy concepts, functional schematics, and discussions of the servo controls, failure monitoring, and fault tolerance. All existing FBW actuation systems are not described herein; however, those most representing the latest designs are included. While this AIR is intended as a reference source of information for aircraft actuation system designs, the exclusion or omission of any other appropriate actuation system or subsystem should not limit consideration of their use on future aircraft.

The scope of this document is limited to encompass terminology, symbols, performance criteria and methods reflecting the current status of the technology.