Options for CNVII emission legislation are being widely investigated in a national program organized by China Vehicle Emission Control Center (VECC) since early 2020. It is foreseen that this possibly last legislation in China will have more stringent emission requirements compared to CNVI, including further reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx), inclusion of nitrous oxide (N2O) and sub-23 nm particle number (PN) and etc. This study investigates the technical feasibility to fulfill a CNVII emission legislation scenario, based on a modified CNVI 8 L engine operating under both cold and hot World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC) and Low Load Cycle (LLC). Methods to address the challenges are discussed and validated, including a twin dosing system, electric heater, hybrid concept of combining Copper (Cu-), Iron (Fe-) and Vanadium (V-) SCR technologies, high filtration DPF and optimization of engine calibration and urea dosing strategies.
With the recent development of electric vehicles, the demands of Lithium-ion batteries and advanced battery technologies are growing. Today, Lithium-ion batteries mainly use liquid electrolyte, which contains organic compounds such as dimethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate as solvents for the Lithium salts. Thermal runaway is a complex process which can involve electrolyte decomposition and subsequent venting of combustible gases that could be readily ignited when mixed with air, leading to pronounced heat release from the combustion of the mixture. The chemical behavior of electrolyte during thermal runaway of Lithium-ion batteries is a critical process and needs to be part of thermal runaway modeling. Well validated, small size chemical kinetic mechanisms of the electrolyte components are required to describe this process in CFD simulations. In this work, sub-mechanisms of dimethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate were developed and adopted in Ansys Model Fuel Library (MFL).
As the automotive industry accelerates its shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) in order to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, there is an escalating need for innovative approaches in manufacturing critical components, particularly battery packs. Battery packs of electric vehicles are typically composed of lithium-ion batteries with aluminum and copper acting as cell terminals. These terminals are joined together in series by means of connector tabs to accommodate sufficient power and energy output. These critical electrical and structural cell terminal connections involve several challenges when joining the thin, highly reflective and dissimilar materials with widely differing thermo-mechanical properties. This may involve potential deformation during the joining process, the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds with reduced conductivity and inferior mechanical properties.
Polyurethane foams (PUF) are a class of cellular polymers with a large range of applications. It is possible to control some properties of PUF by adjusting some chemicals, aiming to reach the best performance with lower cost, weight and process easiest. On the same way, graphene and its derivatives may be used for the modification of PUF, aiming to improve many properties. Depending on the dispersion technique, increases in mechanical, dynamical mechanical, thermal and acoustical properties may be reached, even when a low content of the nanomaterial is employed. This brief review presents some techniques used for the dispersion and incorporation of graphene and its derivatives into PUF, focusing on the enhancement of acoustical applications. Some techniques such as mechanical stirring, sonication and layer-by-layer are presented. It was observed that depending on the techniques, a real and significant difference was observed in some properties, mainly in acoustical
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, shapes, and tubing 5.000 inches (127.00 mm) and under in nominal diameter or least thickness (wall thickness of tubing) (see 8.5).
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die and hand forgings 6.000 inches (152.00 mm) and under in nominal thickness at time of heat treatment (see 8.6).
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet 0.063 to 0.236 inch (1.60 to 6.00 mm), incl, in thickness, clad on both sides (see 8.4).
This SAE Standard covers motor vehicle brake fluids of the nonpetroleum type, based upon glycols, glycol ethers, and borates of glycol ethers, and appropriate inhibitors for use in the braking system of any motor vehicle, such as a passenger car, truck, bus, or trailer. These fluids are not intended for use under arctic conditions. These fluids are designed for use in braking systems fitted with rubber cups and seals made from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) or a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene, and a diene (EPDM).
This SAE Standard covers motor vehicle brake fluids of the nonpetroleum type, based upon glycols, glycol ethers, and appropriate inhibitors, for use in the braking system of any motor vehicle such as a passenger car, truck, bus, or trailer. These fluids are not intended for use under arctic conditions. These fluids are designed for use in braking systems fitted with rubber cups and seals made from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), or a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene, and a diene (EPDM).
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings and hand forgings up to 6.000 inches (152.40 mm) in nominal thickness at the time of heat treatment (see 8.4).
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of hand forgings 17 inches (432 mm) and under in nominal thickness, and rolled rings up to 6 inches, incl (152 mm, incl) in nominal thickness at the time of heat treatment (see 8.5).
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of hand forgings 11.000 inches (280 mm) and under in nominal thickness and of forging stock of any size (see 8.6).
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing produced with cross sectional area of 32 in2 (206 cm2) maximum.
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of bars, rods, and wire, in the sizes shown in 3.3.3, in the “as fabricated (F) temper” (see 8.5). When specified, product shall be supplied in the annealed (O) condition.
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings 4 inches (102 mm) and under in nominal thickness at time of heat treatment, hand forgings up to 6 inches (152 mm) incl, in as forged thickness, rolled rings with wall thickness up to 3.5 inches (89 mm) incl, and stock of any size for forging or rolled rings (see 8.6).