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Options for CNVII emission legislation are being widely investigated in a national program organized by China Vehicle Emission Control Center (VECC) since early 2020. It is foreseen that this possibly last legislation in China will have more stringent emission requirements compared to CNVI, including among other changes especially a further reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx), inclusion of nitrous oxide (N2O) and sub-23 nm particle number (PN). This study investigates the technical feasibility to fulfill a CNVII emission legislation scenario, based on a modified CNVI 8 L engine operating under both cold and hot World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC) and Low Load Cycle (LLC).

With the rapid development of electric vehicles, the demands for lithium-ion batteries and advanced battery technologies are growing. Today, lithium-ion batteries mainly use liquid electrolytes, containing organic compounds such as dimethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate as solvents for the lithium salts. However, when thermal runaway occurs, the electrolyte decomposes, venting combustible gases that could readily be ignited when mixed with air and leading to pronounced heat release from the combustion of the mixture. So far, the chemical behavior of electrolytes during thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries is not comprehensively understood. Well-validated compact chemical kinetic mechanisms of the electrolyte components are required to describe this process in CFD simulations. In this work, submechanisms of dimethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate were developed and adopted in the Ansys Model Fuel Library (MFL).

Battery packs of electric vehicles are typically composed of lithium-ion batteries with aluminum and copper acting as cell terminals. These terminals are joined together in series by means of connector tabs to produce sufficient power and energy output. Such critical electrical and structural cell terminal connections involve several challenges when joining thin, highly reflective and dissimilar materials with widely differing thermo-mechanical properties. This may involve potential deformation during the joining process and the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds that reduce conductivity and deteriorate mechanical properties. Among various joining techniques, laser welding has demonstrated significant advantages, including the capability to produce joints with low electrical contact resistance and high mechanical strength, along with high precision required for delicate materials like aluminum and copper.

This specification covers a nickel in the form of round wire and rectangular ribbon.

This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, mechanical tubing, flash-welded rings, and stock for forging or flash-welded rings.

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, shapes, and tubing 5.000 inches (127.00 mm) and under in nominal diameter or least thickness (wall thickness of tubing) (see 8.5).

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.

Abstract Super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) is a type of stainless steel made of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe). In the present work, a 1.6 mm wide thin sheet of SDSS is joined using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The ideal parameter for a bead-on-plate trial is found, and 0.216 kJ/mm of heat input is used for welding. As an outcome of the welding heating cycle and subsequent cooling, a microstructural study revealed coarse microstructure in the heat-affected zone and weld zone. The corrosion rate for welded joints is 9.3% higher than the base metal rate. Following the corrosion test, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed that the welded joint’s oxide development generated a larger corrosive attack on the weld surface than the base metal surface. The percentages of chromium (12.5%) and molybdenum (24%) in the welded joints are less than those in the base metal of SDSS, as per energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis.

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die and hand forgings 6.000 inches (152.00 mm) and under in nominal thickness at time of heat treatment (see 8.6).

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet 0.063 to 0.236 inch (1.60 to 6.00 mm), incl, in thickness, clad on both sides (see 8.4).

This SAE Standard covers motor vehicle brake fluids of the nonpetroleum type, based upon glycols, glycol ethers, and borates of glycol ethers, and appropriate inhibitors for use in the braking system of any motor vehicle, such as a passenger car, truck, bus, or trailer. These fluids are not intended for use under arctic conditions. These fluids are designed for use in braking systems fitted with rubber cups and seals made from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) or a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene, and a diene (EPDM).

This SAE Standard covers motor vehicle brake fluids of the nonpetroleum type, based upon glycols, glycol ethers, and appropriate inhibitors, for use in the braking system of any motor vehicle such as a passenger car, truck, bus, or trailer. These fluids are not intended for use under arctic conditions. These fluids are designed for use in braking systems fitted with rubber cups and seals made from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), or a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene, and a diene (EPDM).

This specification covers aluminum and aluminum alloy foil in the form of laminated sheet.

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings and hand forgings up to 6.000 inches (152.40 mm) in nominal thickness at the time of heat treatment (see 8.4).

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of hand forgings 17 inches (432 mm) and under in nominal thickness, and rolled rings up to 6 inches, incl (152 mm, incl) in nominal thickness at the time of heat treatment (see 8.5).

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of hand forgings 11.000 inches (280 mm) and under in nominal thickness and of forging stock of any size (see 8.6).