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Society is moving towards climate neutrality where hydrogen fuelled combustion engines (H2 ICE) could be considered a main technology. These engines run on hydrogen (H2) so carbon-based emission are only present at a very low level from the lube oil. The most important pollutants NO and NO2 are caused by the exhaust aftertreatment system as well as CO2 coming from the ambient air. For standard measurement technologies these low levels of CO2 are hard to detect due to the high water content. Normal levels of CO2 are between 400-500 ppm which is very close or even below the detection limit of commonly used non-dispersive-infrared-detectors (NDIR). As well the high water content is very challenging for NOx measuring devices, like chemiluminescence detectors (CLD), where it results in higher noise and therefore a worse detection limit. Even for Fourier-transformed-infrared-spectroscopy-analysers (FT-IR) it is challenging to deal with water content over 15% without increased noise.

The benefits introduced by the replacement of conventional centrifugal pumps with volumetric machines for Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) cooling were experimentally and theoretically proven in literature. In particular, Sliding Rotary Vane Pumps (SVRPs) ensure to achieve an interesting reduction of ICEs fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Despite volumetric pumps are a reference technology for ICE lubrication oil circuits, the application in ICE cooling systems still not represent a ready-to-market solution. Particularly challenging is the case of Heavy-Duty ICE due to the wide operating range the pump covers in terms of flow rate delivered. Generally, SVRPs are designed to operate at high speeds to reduce machine dimensions and, consequently, the weight. Nevertheless, speed increase could lead to a severe penalization of pump performance since the growth of the friction losses.

The present study discusses about the determination of the Seal drag force in the application where elastomeric seal is used with metallic interface in the presence of different fluids. An analytical model was constructed to predict the seal drag force and experimental test was performed to check the fidelity of the analytical model. A Design of Experiment (DoE) was utilized to perform experimental test considering different factors affecting the Seal drag force. Statistical tools such as Test for Equal Variances and One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to draw inferences for population based on samples tested in the DoE test. It was observed that Glycol based fluids lead to lubricant wash off resulting into increased seal drag force. Additionally, non-lubricated seals tend to show higher seal drag force as compared to lubricated seals. Keywords: Seal Drag, DoE, ANOVA

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