Multiple areas in the U.S. continue to struggle with achieving National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone. These continued issues highlight the need for further reductions in NOX emission standards in multiple industry sectors, with heavy-duty on-highway engines being one of the most important areas to be addressed. Starting in 2014, CARB initiated a series of technical demonstration programs aimed at examining the feasibility of achieving up to a 90% reduction in tailpipe NOX, while at the same time maintaining a path towards GHG reductions that will be required as part of the Heavy-Duty Phase 2 GHG program. These programs culminated in the Stage 3 Low NOX program, which demonstrated low NOX emissions while maintaining GHG emissions at levels comparable to the baseline engine.
This Electric Road System was devised that would provide electric power to EVs directly from the infrastructure so that EVs could undergo intermittent charging while driving. This system is a conductive dynamic charging system that operates from the side of the vehicle (roadside), and research has been underway on the application of this approach to passenger cars and race cars. This paper focused on resolving issues with freight vehicles, which account for most of the CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. This Electric Road System that operates by contact from the roadside was applied to heavy-duty trucks, which have been considered a challenge to convert to EVs, and at the same time the infrastructure technology was also expanded and evolved. And verification tests using actual vehicles were conducted for regenerative energy absorption control of a charging vehicle while driving.
It is necessary for us to reduce CO2 emissions in order to hold down global warming which is advancing year by year. Toyota believes that it is important not only to introduce BEVs but also to promote technological development of HEVs and PHEVs in order to widely reduce CO2 emissions around the world. This time, we have developed a PHEV system for Prius. The traction battery Pack structure, the transaxle and the power control unit (PCU) with boosting converter system were newly developed based on the 2.0L hybrid system, resulting in 1.5 times the battery capacity with the almost same battery pack size and transmission efficiency has also been improved, extending EV distance by 70% from previous Prius. In terms of power, by adopting Double-Boost converter system and increasing the motor output, the system output power has been increased by 1.8 times with almost the same size as the previous unit.
Injector nozzle deposits can have a profound effect on particulate emissions from vehicles fitted with Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines. Several recent publications acknowledge the benefits of using Deposit Control Additives (DCA) to maintain or restore injector cleanliness and in turn minimise particulates, but others claim that high levels of DCA could have detrimental effects due to the direct contribution of DCA to particulates, that outweigh the benefits of injector cleanliness. Much of the aforementioned work was conducted in laboratory scenarios with model fuels. In this investigation a fleet of 7 used GDI vehicles were taken from the field to determine the net impact of DCAs on particulates in real-world scenarios. The vehicles tested comprised a range of vehicles from different manufacturers that were certified to Euro 5 and Euro 6 emissions standards.
In this study, engine-out gaseous emissions are being reviewed from Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurement of methanol diesel dual fuel combustion experiments performed in a heavy-duty diesel engine. Comparison to the baseline diesel-only condition shows that methanol-diesel dual fuel combustion leads to higher regulated carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). However, NOX emissions were reduced effectively with increasing methanol substitution rate (MSR). Under dual-fuel operation with methanol, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, including nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O), indicate the potential to reduce the burden of NOX on diesel after-treatment devices such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR).
Currently, the rapid expansion of the global road transport industry and the imperative to reduce carbon emissions are propelling the advancement of electrified highways (EH). In order to conduct a comprehensive economic analysis of EH, it is crucial to develop a detailed and comprehensive economic model that takes into account various transportation modes and factors that influence the economy. However, the existing economic models for EH lack comprehensiveness in terms of considering different transportation modes and economic factors. This study aims to fill this gap by designing an economic model for an EH-based Online DC-driven system (ODS) for long distance heavy-duty transport vehicle incorporating multi-factor sensitivities. Firstly, the performance parameters of the key components of the system are calculated using vehicle dynamics equations which involves selecting and matching the relevant components and determining the fundamental cost of vehicle transformation.
The global transition to alternative power sources, particularly fuel cells, hinges on the cost-effective production and distribution of hydrogen fuel. While green hydrogen produced through water electrolysis using renewable energy sources holds immense promise, it currently falls short of meeting the burgeoning demand for hydrogen. To address this challenge, alternative methods, such as steam reforming and partial oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels with integrated carbon capture, are poised to bridge the gap between supply and demand in the near to midterm. Steam reforming of methane is a well-established technology with a proven track record in the chemical industry, serving as a dependable source of hydrogen feedstock for decades. However, to meet the demand for efficient hydrogen storage, handling, and onboard reforming, researchers are increasingly exploring liquid hydrocarbon fuels at room temperature, such as methanol and ethanol.
With the increasing demands to reduce the carbon footprint and emissions, engines powered by e-fuels offer a possibility for sustainable transportation solutions. This work focuses on the effect of exhaust gas rebreathing and external EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) in a CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)-OME (Polyoxymethylene Ether) dual-fuel engine. A four-cylinder heavy-duty engine was used to conduct the engine tests at different load points from 1100rpm to 1600 rpm and 4.9 to 14.7 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). The quantities of the high (HRF) and the low reactivity fuel (LRF) were varied, as were the external and internal EGR rates and their combination. CNG was injected into the intake manifold to create a homogeneous air-fuel mixture, while OME was introduced as a pilot injection directly into the combustion chamber. Results show an increase in THC and CO emissions, while NOx emissions are significantly reduced compared to diesel operation.
Amid escalating concerns over climate change and emissions, this study presents a novel approach to develop sustainable fuels, leveraging advanced process modelling that uses waste CO2 streams from biological ethanol fermentation process to produce e-methanol. Using Aspen Plus, this research focuses on the conversion of biomasses such as sugarcane, corn and beet to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and fortify energy resilience in a sustainable manner. In the first phase, bagasse, a byproduct of sugar production that is rich in carbon is used as precursor for gasification and as a fuel to generate high-pressure steam. Oxygen obtained from electrolysis is used to preheat the biological endothermic fermentation phase. The CO2 captured during the fermentation phase is mixed with hydrogen obtained from the electrolysis process to synthesize e-methanol.
It is widely recognized that internal combustion engines (ICE) are needed for global transport for years to come, however, demands on ICE fuel efficiency, emissions, cost, and performance are extremely challenging. Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) is one approach to achieving demanding efficiency and emissions targets. At Aramco Research Center-Detroit, an advanced, multi-cylinder GCI engine was designed and built using the latest combustion system, engine controls, and lean aftertreatment. The combustion system uses Aramco's PPCI-diffusion process for ultra-low NOx and smoke. A P2 48V mild hybrid system was integrated on the engine for braking energy recovery and improved cold starts. For robust low-load operation, a 2-step valvetrain system was used for exhaust rebreathing. The fuel injection system was a modified diesel system with high injection rate and 2000 bar pressure rating.
This study experimentally investigates the combustion stability in RCCI engines along with the gaseous (regulated and unregulated) and particle emissions. Multifractal analysis is used to characterize the cyclic combustion variations in the combustion parameters (such as IMEP, CA50, Pmax) of the RCCI engine. The investigation is carried out on a modified single-cylinder diesel engine to operate in RCCI combustion mode. The RCCI combustion mode is tested for different fuel premixing ratio (r_p) and diesel injection timing (SOI) at fixed engine speed (1500rpm) and load (1.5 bar BMEP). The particle number characteristics and gaseous emissions are measured using a differential mobility spectrometer (DMS500) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) along with Flame Ionizing Detector (FID), respectively. The results indicate that the NOx emissions decrease with advanced SOI while the methane (CH4) emission increases.
To mitigate the NOx emissions from diesel engines, the adoption of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) has gained widespread acceptance as a technology. Nonetheless, employing EGR has the drawback of elevating soot emissions. The use of hydrogen-enriched air with EGR in a diesel engine (dual-fuel operation), offers the potential to decrease in-cylinder soot formation while simultaneously reducing NOx emissions. The present study numerically investigates the effect of hydrogen energy share and engine load on the formation and emission of soot and NOx emission from hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel engine. The numerical investigation is performed using an n-heptane/H2 reduced reaction mechanism with a two-step soot model in ANSYS FORTE. To enhance the accuracy of predicting dual-fuel combustion in a hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel engine, a reduced n-heptane reaction mechanism is integrated with a hydrogen reaction mechanism using CHEMKIN.
Since Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) China stage IV legislation has been implemented from 2023, some engines within maximum rated power between 37 to 560 kW are required for gaseous emissions, particulate matter(PM) and particulate number (PN) limitation, evaluated over testing cycle of Non-Road Transient Cycle (NRTC) and Non-Road Steady Cycle (NRSC). The pollutants from diesel engines, widely used in NRMM applications, can be controlled using aftertreatment systems which are comprise of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a diesel particulate filter (DPF), or optionally a selective catalytic reduction (SCR). In this presentation, a compact D-DPF design is introduced and discussed on application in harvesters, tractors, and forklifts. Because harvesters have higher exhaust gas temperature than other applications, more passive regeneration behaviors were occurred during working conditions.
The growing global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) emphasizes the pressing need for a comprehensive understanding of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries. Prevention of the onset of thermal runaway and its subsequent propagation throughout the entire battery pack is one of the pressing challenges of lithium-ion batteries. In addition to generating excess heat, thermal runaway of batteries also releases hazardous flammable gases, posing risks of external combustion and fires. Most existing thermal runaway models in literature primarily focus on predicting heat release or the total amount of vent gas. In this study, we present a model capable of predicting both heat release and the transient composition of emitted gases, including CO, H2, CO2, and hydrocarbons, during thermal runaway events. We calibrated the model using experimental data obtained from an 18650 cell from the literature, ensuring the accuracy of reaction parameters.
During the development of an Internal Combustion Engine-based powertrain, traditional procedures for control strategies calibration and validation produce huge amount of data, that can be used to develop innovative data-driven applications, such as emission virtual sensing. One of the main criticalities is related to the data quality, that cannot be easily assessed for such a big amount of data. This work focuses on an emission modeling activity, using an enhanced Light Gradient Boosting Regressor and a dedicated data pre-processing pipeline to improve data quality. First thing, a software tool is developed to access a database containing data coming from emissions tests. The tool performs a data cleaning procedure to exclude corrupted data or invalid parts of the test. Moreover, it automatically tunes model hyperparameters, it chooses the best set of features, and it validates the procedure by comparing the estimation and the experimental measurement.
A DMS500 engine exhaust particle size spectrometer was employed to characterize the effects of injection strategies on particulates emissions from a turbocharged gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. The effects of operating parameters (injection pressure, secondary injection ratio and secondary injection end time) on particle diameter distribution and particle number density of emission was investigated. The experimental result indicates that the split injection can suppress the knocking tendency at higher engine loads. The combustion are improve, and the fuel consumption are significantly reduce, avoiding the increase in fuel pump energy consumption caused by the 50 MPa fuel injection system, but the delayed injection increases particulate matter emissions.