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The inverse boundary element method (IBEM) is presented to accurately identify the noise sources of a diesel engine in this study. The sound pressures on four near-field planes were measured as inputs for the method. Then, the acoustic model of the full diesel engine was established using the boundary element method, and the acoustic transfer vectors (ATV) between the surface normal velocity and acoustic pressure at field points were calculated over the frequency range of interest. Based on the measured sound pressure and the ATVs, the surface normal velocity distribution of the diesel engine was reconstructed by the IBEM. The reconstructed pressures at two reference field points were compared with the measured ones. Furthermore, the panel contribution of each engine component was analyzed through the reconstructed surface velocity.