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A multi-objective genetic algorithm methodology was applied to a heavy-duty diesel engine at three different operating conditions of interest. Separate optimizations were performed over various fuel injection nozzle parameters, piston bowl geometries and swirl ratios (SR). Different beginning of injection (BOI) timings were considered in all optimizations. The objective of the optimizations was to find the best possible fuel economy, NOx, and soot emissions tradeoffs. The input parameter ranges were determined using design of experiment methodology. A non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II) was used for the optimization. For the optimization of piston bowl geometry, an automated grid generator was used for efficient mesh generation with variable geometry parameters. The KIVA3V release 2 code with improved ERC sub-models was used. The characteristic time combustion (CTC) model was employed to improve computational efficiency.

A test program, sponsored by the U.S. Navy, was performed using a high-speed, two-stroke cycle, diesel engine (DDC 6V-53T) to evaluate the impact of specially formulated test fuels using an L-16 full-factorial test matrix. Sixteen test fuels were evaluated with sulfur contents, cetane numbers, viscosities, and trace metals contents exceeding the limits contained in the Navy fuel specification, MIL-F-16884H,Fuel, Naval Distillate (NATO F-76). Surface layer activation (SLA) techniques were used to quantify piston ring and cylinder liner wear rates for each test fuel. The results indicated that sulfur was the primary contributor to piston ring wear. Cylinder liner wear was not significant.

This paper describes design enhancements and experimental tests performed on the Detroit Diesel 8V-71T Low Heat Rejection (LHR) Engine. The program objective was to increase brake power approximately 10% while maintaining or reducing brake specific cooling system burden and heat rejection to the engine compartment. In order to achieve these objectives, it was necessary to reduce average right bank exhaust temperatures approximately 23°C to insure acceptable engine durability at elevated power levels. All modifications simultaneously satisfy the rigorous constraints imposed by the U.S. Army's M109 Self Propelled Howitzer and M992 Field Artillery Ammunition Support Vehicle (FAASV). The M992 FAASV is a derivative of the M109 armored vehicle which utilizes the same chassis. Engine fuel supply system, exhaust manifold, turbocharger compressor, and fuel injector modifications were made in order to meet these requirements.

The effectiveness of scavenging, the displacement of residual combustion gases with fresh air, is examined in an advanced, high power-density diesel engine, consisting of a two-stroke, opposed-piston reciprocator with an ultra-high boost. KIVA-3, a three-dimensional code for modeling reactive flows with fuel injection, is used to study the effect of a variety design choices on scavenging. The parametric study includes the inclined angle of the intake ports, the exhaust port timing and size and the piston stroke-to-bore ratio. A baseline geometry of the opposed-piston engine is examined in detail, which models an existing mono-cylinder test rig. The baseline-design exhibits large asymmetries, nonsteady flow and large recirculation regions that degrade the scavenging. Significant improvement in the scavenging of the baseline design is observed with a uniform inclined angle of the inlet ports of about 20° and with a larger stroke-to-bore ratio (2.0 compared with 1.08).

Autoignition of coal-water-slurry (CWS) fuel in a two-stroke engine operating at 1900 RPM has been achieved. A Pump-Line-Nozzle (PLN) injection system, delivering 400mm3/injection of CWS, was installed in one modified cylinder of a Detroit Diesel Corporation (DI)C) 8V-149TI engine, while the other seven cylinders remained configured for diesel fuel. Coal Combustion was sustained by maintaining high gas and surface temperatures with a combination of hot residual gases, warm inlet air admission, ceramic insulated components and increased compression ratio. The coal-fueled cylinder generated 85kW indicated power (80 percent of rated power), and lower NOx levels with a combustion efficiency of 99.2 percent.

Delivery of a lubricant as a vapor mixed with a carrier gas provides a method of controlling the delivery rate of the lubricant. Temperatures in the range of 370 to 800 C are high enough to produce a lubricating film from tricresyl phosphate [TCP] vapor delivered in nitrogen as a carrier gas. The solid film lubricant formed by this delivery system provides excellent lubrication for a four-ball wear tester run at 370 °C. Deposit rates are compared for TCP vapor delivered lubrication over a temperature range using stainless steel and quartz surfaces. The deposit rate is sensitive to TCP concentration in the carrier gas. The deposit rates of the TCP decomposition products versus time are reported. Having been demonstrated in laboratory tests, the Vapor Phase [VP] concept is being pursued for hot section lubrication of the advanced (low heat rejection) diesel engines.

Objective: This paper documents the 400 hour NATO qualification endurance test for the Detroit Diesel Corporation (DDC), 8V71TA/LHR (turbocharged, aftercooled/low heat rejection) diesel engine rated at 395 kw (530 bhp) at 2500 RPM for potential M109 Self-Propelled Howitzer (SPH) application. The engine was developed under the DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) Advanced Ceramic Technology Insertion Program, managed by U.S. Army TACOM (Tank-automotive and Armaments Command). The test was performed by DDC in accordance with the standards set forth in NATO AEP-5 (Allied Engineering Publication). The ACTIP program objective was to demonstrate the production viability of selected ceramic engine components and investigate the manner in which the ceramic technology integration would enhance the engine's performance and durability. Effects on performance and durability are reported herein. Four engine systems were developed with ceramic components for the ACTIP program.