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Two high performance industrial machines, the 3400 and 3500 International industrial loader-backhoe, featuring a balanced system of loader integral frame tractor and backhoe design have been introduced to the market. These combinations with matched hydraulic systems optimize operator comfort with machine durability and productivity.

THIS paper outlines the advantages and disadvantages of present-day hydraulic systems. Included in the discussion are: the blocked return line system for single-acting cylinders, the blocked pump inlet, and the basic open-center-valve system. More advanced designs mentioned are: open-center-valve systems with cylinders in series and with parallel cylinders, close-centered valve systems with pressure regulator, and the central hydraulic and accumulator systems. The author points out that the advantages and disadvantages of each system depend to a great extent upon the design in which it is used.