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Global automobile market is very sensitive to vehicle fuel economy. Gross vehicle weight has substantial effects on FE. Hence, for designers it becomes utmost important to work on the weight reduction ideas up to single component level. Fuel delivery pipe (Fuel Rail) is one such component where there is a big potential. Fuel rail is an integral part of the vehicle fuel system and is mounted on the engine. Primarily it serves as a channel of fuel supply from fuel tank through fuel lines to the multiple fuel injectors, which further sprays the fuel into intake ports at high pressure. Due to opening and closing of injectors, pulsations are generated in fuel lines, so fuel rail also acts as a surge tank as well as a pulsation damper. All these factors make the design of a fuel rail very critical and unique for a particular engine. Materials like aluminum, plastic and sheet metal are generally used for fuel rail manufacturing.

Automobile exhaust systems help to attenuate the engine combustion noise as well as the high frequency flow noises which are generated as the gas expands and contracts through various ducts and orifices of muffler system. One of the solutions to mitigate the noise generated due to the latter is by means of an absorptive muffler, comprising a fibrous acoustic medium which helps to absorb noise of certain frequencies which are sensitive to the human ear. Typically, the construction of such a system consists of the fibrous acoustic medium encompassing a perforated inner pipe on the inside and enclosed by an outer metal case on the outside. The temperature limitations of the acoustic medium sometimes necessitate the placement of the fibrous acoustic system away from the engine source in order to prevent any damage to the fibers upon direct contact with the flue gas.

Exhaust system of an automobile is primarily employed in automobile to purify exhaust gases and reduce noise due to combustion. However, a side-effect of the above function is the increase in backpressure. As specified in various literatures, an increase in backpressure can lead to a deterioration on engine performance (Power & torque). Benefit of backpressure reduction can be further taken in terms improving the power & torque of engine or improving the fuel economy. With growing concerns related to global warming and CO2 emissions, reducing exhaust back pressure is one of the promising areas in engine design in order to improve the fuel economy of the automobile and achieving carbon neutrality targets. However, reducing the back pressure generally tends to deteriorate the noise attenuation performance of the Exhaust system.