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We investigated and analyzed the average vehicle-driver's braking behavior in panic situations by conducting vehicle tests that duplicated real world conditions that would require emergency braking performance. From our investigation, we have noticed that when panic braking is recognized, supplying additional braking power is effective for active safety. The Brake Assist System, which supplies full constant braking force when panic braking is recognized, is effective for drivers who cannot apply enough braking effort. However, in some case, such a system makes more experienced drivers uncomfortable because the deceleration caused by this full constant braking force might be different from their intentions. Considering these issues, we have developed the Brake Assist System that increases its controllability while reducing its discomfort. The TOYOTA RAUM has been available with the Brake Assist System since May 1997.

Because of recent advances in steering control technology, steer-by-wire systems have continued to become more realistic. The principal issue for these steer-by-wire systems is considered to be promoting reliability through the construction of a design concept that can be utilized appropriately by drivers. This paper first describes the flow between the concept and system structure, and proposes a steer-by-wire system with a mechanical backup mechanism as one possibility. This paper also describes an investigation into its potential advantages using an experimental vehicle installed with the proposed system structure. The potential advantages of steer-by-wire are improved vehicle driving performance, vehicle maneuverability, and the feasibility of innovative packaging and design. In order to make improved maneuverability and design innovations compatible, it is critical to achieve steering characteristics that require little maneuvering angle.