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The influence of swirl on performance and emissions was investigated using a single cylinder Hydra research engine fitted with a high pressure electronic unit injector and a variable swirl mechanism. A large amount of emission data was collected together with the cylinder pressure, fuel line pressure and needle lift signals at a wide range of operating conditions. The influence of a fixed swirl ratio on emissions was also investigated on a Ford HSD425 York engine with conventional injection system and a synopsis of the results is discussed. Laser illuminated high speed cinematography was used to study the interaction of swirl with spray and combustion processes. Data is presented on air- fuel mixing, spray trajectories and flame movement at different operating conditions. Data is also presented to highlight the influence of swirl on the heat release rate, cylinder pressure rise and its relation to measured emission levels, particularly NOx and particulates.