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The adoption of gaseous fuels for Light Duty (LD) engines is considered a promising solution to efficiently reduce greenhouse gases emissions and diversify fuels supplies, while keeping pollutants production within the limits. In this respect, the Dual Fuel (DF) concept has already proven to be, generally speaking, a viable solution, industrially implemented for several applications in the Heavy-Duty (HD) engines category. Despite this, some issues still require a technological solution, preventing the commercialization of DF engines in wider automotive fields, including the release of high amounts of unburned species, possibility of engine knock, chance of thermal efficiency reduction. In this framework, numerical simulation can be a useful tool, not only to better understand specific characteristics of DF combustion, but also to explore specific geometrical modifications and engine calibrations capable to adapt current LD architectures to this concept.

Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines (H2-ICEs) are being investigated due to their minimal criteria pollutant and zero CO2 tailpipe emissions. However, oil filters and non-hot joint gaskets have rubber material that can be damaged and deteriorate due to direct or indirect exposure to the high temperature and high-pressure hydrogen in a H2-ICE. Thus, the effects on the properties of a rubber exposed to a hydrogen environment need to be reviewed. In this review paper, the transportation, chemical and mechanical properties of a rubber exposed directly or indirectly to high temperature and high-pressure hydrogen in a H2-ICE have been reviewed. The compatibility of rubber materials used in H2-ICE has been explored. The effects of high-pressure hydrogen on the transportation, chemical and mechanical properties of NBR and HNBR have been reviewed.