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The effects of the phosphorus and sulfated ash contents of engine oils on the deactivation of monolithic three-way catalysts and oxygen sensors were studied. The effect of temperature was evaluated as well. The catalysts and oxygen sensors were poisoned in a 100-hour engine bench test. As a result, it was learned that engine oils with higher phosphorus contents showed a higher concentration of phosphorus on the catalyst surfaces, and the ability of the catalysts to convert carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen decreased. However, the phosphorus content was not observed to have any effect on hydrocarbons. The sulfated ash reduced the phosphorus concentration on the catalyst surface, but it also had a negative effect on the catalytic activity. The deactivation of the catalysts was much more noticeable at 800°C than at 720°C. In the tests at 720°C and 800°C, no deactivation of the oxygen sensors was observed, regardless of the composition of the engine oil.

The effect of phosphorus concentration in gasoline engine oils on the valve train wear was experimentally investigated by using the JASO M328-91 3A valve train wear (3A-VTW) test method. The phosphorus concentration is determined proportionally to the amount of zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP), which is formulated as both antiwear agent and antioxidant. Lower concentrations of ZDDP generally bring about larger wear in the valve train. However, it was found from the experiments that valve train wear remained low despite a decrease of phosphorus concentration when secondary ZDDPs with short alkyl chain together with appropriate ashless dispersants were selected. Since adsorptivity of secondary ZDDPs with short alkyl chain lengths onto rubbing metal surfaces is higher than that of primary types, the secondary types give excellent antiwear characteristics.

The influence of engine oil viscosity on the wear of piston rings and cam faces has been investigated by fired engine tests using a radioisotope (RI) tracer technique. High-temperature and high-shear-rate (HTHS; 150°C, 1O6 s-1) viscosities of the experimental oils prepared are 2.2, 2.4, 2.6 and 3.1 mPa•s. At an oil temperature of 90°C the wear of piston rings and cam faces did not increase, even if the HTHS viscosity was lowered down to 2.2 mPa•s. However, both piston rings and cam faces exhibited an increase in wear below 2.4 mPa•s at 130°C. It was also recognized that valve train wear did not significantly increase with reducing viscosity in the motored engine tests at a temperature of 50°C. From these test results, it was suggested that the oil with the HTHS viscosity of 2.6 mPa•s sufficiently demonstrates the antiwear performance equivalent to that with around 3.0 mPa•s for application to piston rings and cam faces.

Fuel economy is one of the most important performance features for modern engine oils. For some time now, fuel efficient engine oils (called Energy Conserving II or EC-II) have been available in the marketplace. However, the performance of EC-II oils is only 2.7% Equivalent Fuel Economy Improvement (EFEI) as measured by the ASTM Sequence VI Engine Test. To meet future industry needs, more fuel efficient engine oils are desirable. In order to achieve this, a study of highly fuel efficient engine oils was initiated. An initial target of 3.9% EFEI was selected and several candidate oils were evaluated, some of which exceeded this target. The oils were evaluated using a chassis dynamometer using the U. S. EPA mode. The test results may be summarized: 5W-30 Prototype Oil containing MoDTC showed between 1.6 and 2.6% better fuel economy than conventional 5W-30 and 10W-30 EC-II oils. There was an optimum viscosity for maximum fuel economy using the EPA testing mode.

According to the principle of pH measurement, an on-board type engine oil deterioration sensor has been developed. The developed sensor is composed of a Pb and oxidized stainless steel electrodes. The sensor signal shows a good linear relationship to the quasi-pH value of the oil. Especially in the region where the oil deterioration proceeds, the remaining basic additives in the oil is easily estimated from the sensor signal.