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The paper presents a semi-empirical model to predict refrigerant and lubricant inventory in both evaporator and condenser of an automotive air conditioning (MAC) system. In the model, heat exchanger is discretized into small volumes. Temperature, pressure and mass inventory are calculated by applying heat transfer, pressure drop and void fraction correlations to these volumes respectively. Refrigerant and lubricant are treated as a zeotropic mixture with a temperature glide. As refrigerant evaporates or condenses, thermophysical properties are evaluated accordingly with the change of lubricant concentration. Experimental data is used to validate the model. As a result, refrigerant and lubricant mass is predicted within 20% in the evaporator. However, in the condenser, lubricant mass was consistently under-predicted while refrigerant mass was predicted within 15% error. Moreover, the lubricant under-prediction becomes more significant at higher Oil Circulation Ratio (OCR).

This paper presents a method of utilizing infrared images to quantify the distribution of liquid refrigerant mass flow rate in microchannel heat exchangers, which are widely used in automobile air conditioning systems. In order to achieve quantification, a relationship is built between the liquid mass flow rate through each microchannel tube and the corresponding air side capacity calculated from the infrared measurement of the wall temperature. After being implemented in a heat exchanger model, the quantification method is validated against experimental data. This method can be used for several types of heat exchangers and it can be applied to various heat exchanger designs.

This paper presents a model analysis of oil effects on the distribution of two phase refrigerant in a parallel flow microchannel evaporator. A microchannel evaporator model developed and presented earlier (SAE paper 2012-01-0321) is enhanced by inclusion of the thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerant-oil mixture and their impact on boiling heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics. R134a and PAG oil are selected as the working pair. Viscosity effect and OCR effect on refrigerant distribution are investigated using this model, and the results show that 1) High viscosity is detrimental for refrigerant distribution. 2) As OCR increases, distribution becomes worse; but at very high OCR, distribution becomes better. Some initial experimental results show that distribution becomes worse when OCR changes from 0.1% to 3%.

Distribution of R134a in four different vertical headers of microchannel heat exchanger was investigated experimentally. R134a was provided into the header by the microchannel tubes (5 or 10 tubes) in the bottom pass. It left the header through the microchannel tubes (5 or 10 tubes) in the top pass representing the upward flow in the heat pump mode of the reversible systems. The inlet quality was varied from 0.2 to 0.8, and the inlet mass flow rate was from 1.5 to 4.5 kg/h per microchannel tube. Among the test conditions, the aluminum and transparent headers show similar results: refrigerant distribution is better when reducing quality at the same mass flow rate and when increasing mass flow rate at the same quality. Increasing the tubes protrusion and the number of the microchannel tubes usually improve the distribution due to the increase in mass flux. Based on the visualization, churn and separated flow regimes are identified.

The effect of lubricant on distribution is investigated by relating the flow regime in the horizontal inlet header and the corresponding infrared image of the evaporator. Visualization of the flow regime is performed by high-speed camera. R134a is used as the refrigerant with PAG 46 as lubricant, forming foam in all flow regimes. Quantitative information including foam location, foam layer thickness is obtained using a matlab-based video processing program. Oil circulation rate effect on flow regime is analyzed quantitatively.

Lubricant in compressor usually flows out with refrigerant. Thus, it is evitable for lubricant to be present in the heat exchanger, which significantly affects the heat exchanger performance. This paper is to investigate the effects of PAG oil on R134a distribution in the microchannel heat exchanger (MCHX) with vertical headers and to provide a tool to model R134a (with oil) distribution and its effects on MCHX capacity. The flow configuration in MCHX under the heat pump mode of the reversible system is mimicked in the experimental facility: refrigerant-oil mixture is fed into the test header from the bottom pass and exits through the top pass. It is found that a small amount of oil (OCR=0.5%) worsen the distribution. But further increasing OCR to 2.5% and 4.7%, the distribution becomes better.

This paper presents an experimental study of lubricant effect on the performance of microchannel evaporators in a typical MAC system. R134a is used as the refrigerant with PAG46 lubricant. The increase of oil circulation rate elevates the pressure drop of the evaporator. The specific enthalpy change in evaporator decreases with increasing oil circulation rate, while refrigerant distribution appears to be more uniform as indicated by infrared images of the evaporator surface temperatures. Thus mass flow rate increases.