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This paper presents a standardization model for the analysis of rolling bearings in transmission systems. A procedure was applied to assist gearbox prototype development. A solid methodology with robust software, based on international standards, allowed the development engineers to shorten simulation time. In this case, the calculations were performed taking into account system elasticity, which resulted in an exact calculation of the internal load distribution in the bearing, including contact pressure, tilted position and with rolling element profile, considering effects of lubrication conditions and contamination. The program also evaluates the resulting forces of gears, displacement, shaft deflection, contact pressure, stresses, torsion and inclination of the shafts. All the information processed aims at providing safe design, optimal solution and cost impact.

Clutch systems applications require that their components resist to high dynamics and static efforts that should be considered in the development process. These requirements are determined taking account the vehicle application, such as loadcases, materials, life time and environment conditions. In the case of CRB components generally the design is based on contact angular ball bearing. Normally static analysis are performed, computing stresses and displacements, however in this specification the results are checked using static and fatigue safety factors according to the strength assessment evaluation, Germany standard: FKM (Richtlinie - Rechnerischer Festigkeitsnachweis für Maschinenbauteile). Actually more powerful computers have reduced gradativally the cost for industries and with the constant improvements of FE programs, it is possible to simulate the complete assembly using contact interactions to get closer to the reality.

Several mechanical applications require different levels of protection and effective sealing against dirt and external substances assuring no lubricant leakage, low friction, thermal resistance and long operational life. At the field of ball bearing, rubber seal is specially applied due to its particular mechanical behavior. In this study solid rubber viscoelasticity behavior is shortly described including material models and test characteristic parameters like the well-know Mullin effect. Friction, temperature and centrifugal forces are some of the most important parameters to be analyzed. Furthermore a static finite element model using the commercial software ABAQUS is presented. More general discussion is done among the interaction of rubber seal, its metal reinforcement and the adjacent components bringing additional macro uncertain variables to the analysis such as dimensional variation and uncontrolled manufacturing seal shape process.

The design of Clutch Release Bearings (CRB) is usually based on angular contact ball bearings. This kind of bearings supports both axial and radial loads and the load limits depend directly on the contact angle. The CRB has its own particularity, since it is a radial angular contact ball bearing and its main load is on axial direction. Due to this special situation, this work is done to evaluate this CRB design according to the classical theory of bearing life calculation, developed by Lundberg and Palmgren (1947), which the standard ISO 281 is based on. The analysis is focused on the basic dynamic load rating of the bearing, which briefly means the expected load that the bearings support a life of 1 million cycles. This expectation follows a Weibull distribution with increasing failure ratio and a specific reliability.

Nowadays, the development of new technologies in the automobilist industry has increasing the incorporation of electronics into mechanic systems, what reflects on safer and more reliable mechanisms. This study will present the development of a sensor detent pin for the switchgear unit, which combines an electronic sensor to a detent pin, reducing the number of mechanic components as consequence. Its main function are the comprehension of shifting and selection movement and gear positions (neutral and reverse), as well as send these informations by means of electric signals to a central computer.

The development area of the bearing's industry constantly searches for a better efficiency and a lower film oil thickness in surfaces with high roughness under relative motion. In these cases, operational conditions like high loads and temperatures, as well as low safety margins for weight and size, considering the lubricant viscosity, should be taken into account as fundamental design parameters. In order to know better the elastohydrodinamic lubrication effect, firstly, it is necessary to understand deeply and accurately the applied loads on the ball element bearings. For this purpose, the accurate analysis and study of the performance of these machine components is carried out, using analytical methods and giving special focus on the velocities and accelerations involved, as well as different types of loads applied on the ball element and their distribution and consequences during the ball motion inside the bearing rings.

In order to increase the efficiency of internal combustion engines, Schaeffler Technologies recognized that it is necessary to identify the sources of energy losses, quantify such losses and to study ways to minimize them. Based on this premise, the Front End Accessory Drive parameters had to be investigated to locate where further potential enhancement is hidden. This paper aims to analyze and discuss about the main sources of energy losses occurring in FEAD and propose ways to optimize the system to the optimal range of efficiency and durability. Investigations showed that there are some loss points of the basic belt drive components which have good potential to be reducible, e.g., losses at bearings and belt.

One of the great challenges of engineering teams nowadays is to overcome long and costly project experimentation phases. One effective way of decreasing such project demands is to come up with a firsthand prototype with high success probability. In order to do so, the project team should rely on robust numerical models, which can represent most of the real-life product behaviors, for instance system dynamics. For rolling element bearings, such dynamic models have to consider the dynamic interactions between its components, i.e., rolling elements and raceways. The only vibration transmitting points on rolling element bearings are the lubricated contacts. Therefore, in order to represent the full bearing dynamic behavior on a numerical model, an efficient transient contact model, which depicts the actual contact behavior, is fundamental.

Sustainability is the focus of most engineering projects nowadays. The challenge of taking the efficiency to its maximum, in order to reduce the CO₂ emission, became so hard that even a minor innovation is a relevant step. Among the efficiency villains in automotive branch it is possible to quote the mechanical friction losses. One of the main factors concerning to these sort of losses is the contact pressure in rolling bearings. This pressure is highly influenced by singularities on raceways. Different geometry profiles can be a friction source, affecting the usage and leading to a wasteful exploitation. This paper aims to scrutinize the influence that different abnormalities on raceways has on the contact pressure of high speed and low load axial ball bearings. The study will be based on numerical simulations on a contact calculation software. The contact pressure will be evaluated around the edges of dented, bulged, grooved and ridged profiles.

Hydrodynamic bearings are widely used in rotating machines, being the element responsible for the interaction between the rotor and the supporting structure. Therefore, in order to describe the dynamic behavior of the rotating shafts, it is necessary to know the journal bearings dynamic characteristics. For this reason, this work aims to analyze the influence of three different geometries of journal bearings when operating in a small turbocharger for vehicular application, which implies in high rotation speed and load capacity. In this paper the analysis will be done through the frequency response of the proposed system and the equivalent damping and stiffness coefficients coming from the oil film present in the bearings. These dynamic coefficients are obtained with a spring-damper approach, in order to represent the inherent flexibility and damping of the oil film.

High operating life deep groove ball bearing: optimized geometry reduces friction, energy consumption and noise 50 percent less noise and 35 percent less friction - The significant performance increase offered by this new bearing type is primarily attributable to optimized osculation between the rolling elements and ring raceways. Osculation between the balls and rings has been optimized in order to minimize friction. The improved surface structures of the raceways and balls reduce noise development by 50 percent. In combination with improved surface quality, the design measures reduce friction by up to 35 percent compared with the previous deep groove ball bearing. Other improvements include more effective seals and a riveted steel cage. The innovative HRS seal ensures maximum reliability. Its redesigned lip geometry is optimally adjusted to the recess on the bearing inner ring. In this way, the seal offers more effective protection against loss or contamination of grease.

More efficient and more reliable methods to analyze the performance of the bearing test samples help to reduce validation time during development of rolling bearings. This paper presents a study of the impact on airborne noise and structural borne noise of especial prepared rolling bearings with angular contact submitted for durability tests. The study aims to link specific bearing failures to characteristics in airborne noise and structural borne noise using for instance the “envelope technique”. In the future these patterns will enable more effective online monitoring of failure evolution.

One of the vital parts in the modern motor vehicle is the transmission. Any fault on the system can hazard the usage of the vehicle, especially if the fault occurs during the operation, in that case safety will be an issue. Thus, in order to improve reliability and durability of transmissions systems and its components, virtual simulations can help the designer to overcome faulty conditions during the design conception. However, many times the simulations do not relate to the real world application, due to simplification and assumptions that were formally known as appropriate. For that reason, during the process of designing a transmission bearing, it would be important to take into account the housing stiffness effects on the bearings. In this work, three different cases will be evaluated. In first case, bearings life will be simulated on an analytical software with a rigid housing.

There are large numbers of variables that affect seal performance, for example, temperature, grease and dusty. This paper aims the study one of these variables, the swelling. Swelling is the absorption of the liquid by the rubber and this liquid absorption can deeply alter physical and chemical properties and hence change tensile strength, extensibility and hardness of the rubber. A review about seal and the characteristics of the seal performance will be made and also a study about what this phenomenon affects the seal performance. Thus the purpose of the present paper is to develop the conception of swelling by investigating the characteristics of swelling deformation.

Heating generation in rolling bearings is a critical point for development and application, specially for heavy trucks. Several problems can occur in the rolling bearing and in the system when the temperature increases. For example, at high temperature levels the rubber sealing can change its proprieties and volume, creating a high interference at the contact with the rings. The grease can also be affected and modify its viscosity, generating a possible leakage, which is not allowed during life. This papers aims to study the heat generation and evaluate, experimentally, the temperature stabilization in clutch release bearings for heavy duty application. With this purpose, several tests were performed and the results were analyzed to find the main factors that can be influenced.

Finishing surface has an enormous influence on many important physical phenomena such as contact mechanics, sealing, adhesion and friction. In this paper we will present a brief review of contact mechanics and the influence of different process in the finishing surface as the roundness and roughness. For each process step for ball bearing will be explain and different surface parameter will be measure, also the results will be analyze the influence of the process in the finishing surface. A DOE experimental methodology will be use to reach more accurate results with fewer trails and faster response. Also will present new results and a few comments related to a fabrication process.

The rolling bearing is a fundamental component of rotating machines and its failure may lead to a catastrophic damage of the system. The incipient and correct identification of faults contribute to an early predictive maintenance plan, which avoids additional costs and sudden breakdowns. The resonant demodulation technique, envelope analysis, is a well-established method widely used to identify failures in rolling bearings. However, this method requires the identification of the frequency region that contains enough information about the faults. Thus, the spectral kurtosis gives the impulsiveness measure of a vibration signal and it is used to identify the frequency region of failure. This paper presents the use of the bat algorithm as an optimization methodology to identify the resonant demodulation parameters using spectral kurtosis as the objective function.

For intricate automotive systems that enclose several components, such as gearboxes, an important aspect of the design is defining the correct assembly parameters. A proper assembly can ensure optimized operating conditions and therefore the components can achieve a longer life. In the case of the support bearings applied to front-axle lightweight differentials, the assembly preload is a major aspect for an adequate performance of the system. During the design phase it is imperative to define reference values to this preload, so the application would endure its requirements. However, with the assistance of computer simulations, it is possible to determine an optimum condition of operation, i.e. optimum pre-load, which would increase the system reliability.

As a common trend on the automotive development process, the increase in system efficiency became a major concern for design engineers nowadays. Several are the focuses at which such topic can be dealt with, including full systems upgrades, electrification and component level optimization. However, there are simpler ways to increase efficiency by only replacing construction concepts that have always been taken for granted. This is the case of replacing the sliding friction of the camshaft hydrodynamic bearings by rolling elements. The direct reduction of the power consumption, when applying rolling element bearings to the camshaft, is a straightforward method to increase the liquid torque available at the crankshaft, hence enabling downsizing. In this paper some design solutions and the structural integrity of the system will be assessed and, most of all, the reduction on the friction torque, hence the increase in system efficiency, which leads to CO₂ emission reductions.

The main purpose of the lubrication in the rolling bearing is to avoid and to reduce the metal to metal contact, thus it is possible to reduce the friction and to prevent the wear between the balls and the raceways. Consequently, the rolling bearing should work with grease or oil inside to guarantee an oil film between the balls and the raceways, thus this grease should stay inside the bearing. To avoid the grease loss the bearing normally may have a sealing but even so a little grease loss can occur. Hence the present investigation was initiated because of the need to understand a grease loss and the basic parameter that has influence on this. To help the elaboration of the experimental tests was used a DOE technique, thus it was possible to determinate simultaneously the individual and interactive effects of many factors that affect in the grease loss.