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A panel of the SAE A-5A Committee prepared this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR). The document describes the design approaches used for current applications of Brake-by-Wire (BBW) control systems that are used on commercial and military airplanes. The document also discusses the experience gained during service in the commercial and military environments, and covers system, ergonomic, hardware, and development aspects. The treatment includes the lessons that have been learned during application of the technology. Although there are a variety of approaches that have been used in the design of BBW systems, the main focus of this document is on systems that use the electro-hydraulic method of control. The overall range of implementations is briefly described in 2.3. Sections 3, 4, and 5 describe the electro-hydraulic method in detail.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides the recommended procedure for obtaining desired preloads in aircraft wheel tie bolts when mounting tires and assembling the wheel. It is generally referred to as the snug-angle bolted joint assembly procedure. It is also known as the “torque-turn” procedure in the heavy equipment ground vehicle industry.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides the recommended procedure for obtaining desired preloads in aircraft wheel tie bolts when mounting tires and assembling the wheel. It is generally referred to as the snug-angle bolted joint assembly procedure. It is also known as the “torque-turn” procedure in the heavy equipment ground vehicle industry.

The landing gear is a complex multi-degree of freedom dynamic system and may encounter vibration problems induced by braking action. The vibratory modes can be induced by several frictional characteristics and brake design features. These should be assessed during the design concept and verified during the development of the hardware. This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) has been prepared by a panel of the A-5A Subcommittee to present an overview of the landing gear system problems associated with aircraft brake dynamics and the approaches to the solution of these problems. In addition, facilities available for test and evaluation are presented and discussed.1

The aircraft landing gear is a complex multi-degree of freedom dynamic system, and may encounter vibration or dynamic response problems induced by braking action. The vibratory modes can be induced by brake and tire-ground frictional characteristics, antiskid operation, brake design features, landing gear design features, and tire characteristics. The impact of this vibration can range from catastrophic failure of critical system components or entire landing gears, to fatigue of small components, to passenger annoyance. It is therefore important that the vibration is assessed during the design concept phase, and verified during the development and testing phases of the system hardware. This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) has been prepared by a panel of the A-5A Subcommittee to present an overview of the landing gear problems associated with aircraft braking system dynamics, and the approaches to the identification, diagnosis, and solution of these problems.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the configuration of aircraft wheel inflation valve assemblies, including required tolerances, materials, and appropriate finishes.

This ARP suggests the maintainability features which should be considered in the design of aircraft wheels and brakes. The effect on such factors as cost, weight, reliability, and compatibility with other systems should be considered before incorporation of any of these features in the design.

This specification covers the brake system design requirements for aircraft equipped with wheel-type landing gear.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the requirements for brake systems used on military aircraft equipped with wheel-type landing gears.

To recommend supplementary design criteria to enhance the endurance, reliability, and dependability of transport aircraft wheels and brakes.

This document recommends supplementary design criteria to enhance endurance and reliability of transport aircraft wheels and brakes.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) sets forth the minimum quality required for aircraft wheel and brake castings. Its use will establish minimum acceptable requirements for internal structure and surface conditions and is predicated on the use of a casting factor for the ultimate load of more than 1.51 through 2.00. When casting factors of 1.25 through 1.50 are used, visual, penetrant, and radiographic or other approved equivalent nondestructive inspection methods shall all be required on each production casting. Where specific parts, or areas of parts, require a quality level exceeding that described by this document, the requirements shall be established by negotiation between the purchaser and vendor.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) sets forth the minimum quality required for aircraft wheel and brake castings. Its use will establish minimum acceptable requirements for internal structure and surface conditions and is predicated on the use of a casting factor for the ultimate load of more than 1.51 through 2.00. When casting factors of 1.25 through 1.50 are used, visual, penetrant, and radiographic or other approved equivalent nondestructive inspection methods shall all be required on each production casting. Where specific parts, or areas of parts, require a quality level exceeding that described by this document, the requirements shall be established by negotiation between the purchaser and vendor.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) sets forth the minimum quality required for aircraft wheel and brake castings. Its use will establish minimum acceptable requirements for internal structure and surface conditions and is predicated on the use of a casting factor for the ultimate load of more than 1.51 through 2.00. When casting factors of 1.25 through 1.50 are used, visual, penetrant, and radiographic or other approved equivalent nondestructive inspection methods shall all be required on each production casting. Where specific parts, or areas of parts, require a quality level exceeding that described by this document, the requirements shall be established by negotiation between the purchaser and vendor.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes the design approaches used for current applications of aircraft Brake-by-Wire (BBW) control systems. The document also discusses the experience gained during service, and covers system, ergonomic, hardware, and development aspects. The document includes the lessons that have been learned during application of the technology. Although there are a variety of approaches that have been used in the design of BBW systems, the main focus of this document is on the current state of the art systems.

This document provides information on contamination and its effects on brakes having carbon-carbon composite friction materials (carbon). Carbon is hygroscopic and porous, and therefore readily absorbs liquids and contaminants. Some of the contaminants can impact intended performance of the brake. This document is intended to raise awareness of the effects of carbon brake contamination and provide information on industry practices for its prevention. Although not addressed in this report, contaminants can cause problems with other landing system components including tires.