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Energy consumption and exhaust emissions are the most challenging issues in transportation that car makers and policy makers have to deal with. As a consequence, several technologies have been developed in order to limit fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. So far, some of the promising technologies for passenger cars are hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and, later on, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The study presents an assessment in terms of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions for gasoline HEV and PHEV compared to Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles. This comparison intends to assess carbon dioxide and energy consumption reduction ability of PHEV for several countries or geographical region (EU 15, USA, Japan, and France). The energy consumption is computed with a detailed drive train model taking into account different driving patterns.

What will the passenger car fleet look like over the next two decades' As most expected, affordability and convenience are the major drivers of new vehicle technology penetration into the market. Within this scope, vehicle electrification strategy to limit oil dependence and meet the European targets for CO₂ emissions should be cost-effective and convenient to the buyer. This paper will focus first, through different economic models, on the penetration of passenger electrified vehicles (Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles PHVs and Electric Vehicles EVs) in Europe (EU15: 15 European Union member countries) up to 2030. Economic models are based on real-world-use behaviors and driving patterns in order to compute fuel and energy consumption and to estimate total cost of the vehicle including incentives. The economic models use household wages in order to later make conclusions on vehicle technology market shares by vehicle classes.