This standard applies to the interconnection of data terminal equipment and numerical control equipment at the tape reader interface. The data terminal would typically be connected to a remote data source/sink such as a computer. This standard defines: This standard is applicable for the interchange of signals when used in conjunction with electronic equipment, each interchange circuit of which has a single return (signal ground) that can be interconnected at the interface point. Figure 1.1, typical installation, shows how this standard should be applied to a typical tape reader interface of numerical control equipment.
This section defines the scope of the document, provides a brief history of the Pi-Bus, discusses key features of the Pi-Bus, and provides an overview of the operation of the Pi-Bus. This document is a handbook intended to accompany AS4710 Pi-Bus standard. The purpose of this document is to provide information to aid users of the Pi-Bus, whether they be implementors of Pi-Bus controllers, architects of systems considering using the Pi-Bus, or programmers who must develop applications in a system which uses the Pi-Bus as the backplane communications bus. This document also provides rationale for many of the Pi-Bus requirements as defined in AS4710 and a discussion of potential enhancements that are being considered for the Pi-Bus.
This section defines the scope of the document, provides a brief history of the Pi-Bus, discusses key features of the Pi-Bus, and provides an overview of the operation of the Pi-Bus. This document is a handbook intended to accompany AS4710 Pi-Bus standard. The purpose of this document is to provide information to aid users of the Pi-Bus, whether they be implementors of Pi-Bus controllers, architects of systems considering using the Pi-Bus, or programmers who must develop applications in a system which uses the Pi-Bus as the backplane communications bus. This document also provides rationale for many of the Pi-Bus requirements as defined in AS4710 and a discussion of potential enhancements that are being considered for the Pi-Bus.
In this paper we present a set of integrated circuits specifically designed for high temperature power applications such as isolated power transistor drivers and high efficiency power supplies. The XTR26010 is the key circuit for the isolated power gate drive application. The XTR26010 circuit has been designed with a high focus in offering a robust, reliable and efficient solution for driving a large variety of high-temperature, high-voltage, and high-efficiency power transistors (SiC, GaN, Si) existing in the market. The XTR40010 is used for isolated data communication between a microcontroller or a PWM controller and the power driver (XTR26010). The isolated power transistor driver features a dual turn-on channel, a turn-off channel and a Miller Clamp channel with more than 3A peak current drive strength for each channel. The dV/dt immunity between XTR26010 and XTR40010 exceeds 50kV/μs.
In a competitive engineering business world, there is a constant demand to meet stringent emissions and on board diagnostic (OBD) regulations in a cost-effective manner. Engineers are tasked with the responsibility to innovate and design solutions around cost-cutting measures that involve reducing bill of material costs on the printed circuit board (PCB). Varied features in commercial application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) devices makes it more challenging to create consistent engineering design methods to provide critical inputs for controls and diagnostic strategies. In addition, continuous evolution of the emissions and OBD regulations in the different markets make it challenging for ASIC design manufacturers to evolve their hardware designs quickly. One such input is soak time. Soak time is typically defined as the amount of time the engine has been turned off. Emission controls and OBD algorithms use soak time to enable cold and hot start processing strategies.
Recently, vehicle networks have increased complexity due to the demand for autonomous driving or connected devices. This increasing complexity requires high bandwidth. As a result, vehicle manufacturers have begun using Ethernet-based communication for high-speed links. In order to deal with the heterogeneity of such networks where legacy automotive buses have to coexist with high-speed Ethernet links vehicle manufacturers introduced a vehicle gateway system. The system uses Ethernet as a backbone between domain controllers and CAN buses for communication between internal controllers. As a central point in the vehicle, the gateway is constantly exchanging vehicle data in a heterogeneous communication environment between the existing CAN and Ethernet networks. In an in-vehicle network context where the communications are strictly time-constrained, it is necessary to measure the delay for such routing task.
Phase to phase voltage estimation is necessary to dynamically control a motor or have diagnostics for the inverter-motor system. In this paper, various methods to sense phase voltage is studied. A method for phase-to-phase RMS voltage estimation in a 3-phase inverter-controlled system using SVPWM based FOC algorithm has been proposed. The method presented in this paper involves a module where each pole voltage is sensed, passed through an LPF filter in a circuit, and given to a microcontroller. The same signal is then processed through a digital filter and given to a mathematical model for RMS voltage estimation. This model estimates the phase-to-phase RMS voltage at all the motor speeds and power points. The non-linearities observed in the practical system have been considered and the overall method has been simulated using MATLAB Simulink. Accuracies and deviations have been estimated considering tolerances in hardware.
Recent advances in energy density of Li-ion cells together with high-current fast charging ask for improved strategies for onboard safety and reliability observation of the cells. Potential degradation effects are stimulated by lithium plating and dendrite growth. The latter may ultimately cause an internal short circuit of the cell and can lead to serious damage. Increased self-discharge is an early indicator for safety-critical cell conditions. In this work, accelerated methods for self-discharge determination of Li-ion cells are presented. They are based on the analysis of cell voltage gradients during idle periods and can be applied in state-of-the-art battery management systems (BMS) performing low-drift measurement. However, transition into the idle state after driving requires a settling time of several hours before the voltage gradient can be extracted.
This Handbook has been prepared by the Ring Implementation Task Group of the SAE AS-2 Committee, and is intended to support AS4075 by providing explanation of the standard itself and guidance on its use. The principal objective in the preparation of a standard is to provide a statement of operational and performance requirements, and an unambiguous definition of the functions to be realized in any implementation, primarily from the view point of interoperability. While efforts have been made within the AS4075 standard to provide a readable general description of the HSRB, detailed explanations, rationale and guidance to the use are incompatible with the purpose and, indeed, the format of a standard. Accordingly, this Handbook contains a paragraph-by-paragraph explanation of the main sections of the standard, and a discussion of application and implementation issues.
This Handbook has been prepared by the Ring Implementation Task Group of the SAE AS-2 Committee, and is intended to support AS4075 by providing explanation of the standard itself and guidance on its use. The principal objective in the preparation of a standard is to provide a statement of operational and performance requirements, and an unambiguous definition of the functions to be realized in any implementation, primarily from the view point of interoperability. While efforts have been made within the AS4075 standard to provide a readable general description of the HSRB, detailed explanations, rationale and guidance to the use are incompatible with the purpose and, indeed, the format of a standard. Accordingly, this Handbook contains a paragraph-by-paragraph explanation of the main sections of the standard, and a discussion of application and implementation issues.
The recommendations of this ARP are primarily intended to be applicable to temperature control of compartments, occupied or unoccupied, of civil aircraft whose prime function is the transporting of passengers or cargo. The recommendations will apply, however, to a much broader category of civil and military aircraft where automatic temperature control systems are applicable.
AIR5933 provides an overview of contemporary technologies (i.e., sensors) that measure the proportion of oxygen in a gas. The use of these sensors in the aerospace environment, with its special constraints, is discussed and papers/reports with detailed information are summarized and referenced. The sensors are divided into expendable and non-expendable sensors. Expendable sensors are based on electrochemical properties, whereas non-expendable sensors rely on paramagnetic, photo-acoustic, electromagnetic, and laser spectroscopy properties.
This standard provides minimum performance criteria for air data instruments intended to provide cockpit indication of: a Indicated airspeed (Vi) b Computer airspeed (Vc) c True airspeed (Vt) d Equivalent airspeed (Ve) e Mach number (M) f Altitude (H) g Vertical speed (Hpr) h Maximum operating limit speed (Vmo) i True angle of attack (αt) j Free air temperature (Tfat) k Total temperature (Tt) These functions shall be derived from a central air data computer (AS 417) and through system wiring applied to the respective indicator.
In this paper, we will present a torque and angle sensor for use in electrical power steering (EPS) systems. The developed sensor has torsion angle sensing capabilities between the input and output shafts linked by a torsion bar as well as multi-turn angle sensing of the steering wheel. The sensor is technically based on inductive position sensing for torque measurement and magnetic position sensing for additional multi-turn angle measurement. Digital output single edge nibble transmission (SENT) and pulse width modulation (PWM) are applied to strengthen noise performance in an automotive environment and enhance diagnostic capabilities. The torque channel consists of two electrically isolated sensors that can function independently. The angle channel also has five redundancies using angle information from inductive and magnetic channels during operation, even though there is only one reference signal for initialization.
This paper presents the engineering aspects of an integrated, monolithic, angular position sensor to be developed as Safety Element out of Context (SEooC) in accordance with ISO-26262[1]. The sensor is a Hall-effect-based angular sensor, used in a wide range of automotive, safety-critical applications such as accelerator pedal position, throttle-valve position, or any other application requiring the accurate measurement of the angular position of a mechanical part. The assumed safety requirements allocated to this sensor have to be developed according to ASIL-C. The mapping between technical safety requirements and architecture elements, as conveyed by the technical safety concept, will be first presented. Failure mode effect and Diagnostic Analysis (FMEDA)[2], supporting the safety mechanism specification will be discussed next; here a safety mechanism selection guide is also proposed.