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A subcommittee within SAE ISTC Division 35 has written this report to provide automotive engineers and designers a basic understanding of the design considerations and high temperature material availability for exhaust manifold use. It is hoped that it will constitute a concise reference of the important characteristics of selected cast and wrought ferrous materials available for this application, as well as methods employed for manufacturing. The different types of manifolds used in current engine designs are discussed, along with their range of applicability. Finally, a general description of mechanical, chemical, and thermophysical properties of commonly-used alloys is provided, along with discussions on the importance of such properties.

This SAE Recommended Practice covers the identification and classification of ceramic, sintered carbide, and other cermet tool products. Its purpose is to provide a standard method for designating the characteristics and properties of sintered tool materials.

The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to provide automotive engineers and designers with a concise statement of the basic characteristics of cast iron under elevated temperature conditions. As such, the report concentrates on general statements regarding these properties with limited illustrative data, anticipating that those who may be interested in more detail will want to use the bibliography provided at the conclusion of the report.

The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to provide automotive engineers and designers with a concise statement of the basic characteristics of cast iron under elevated temperature conditions. As such, the report concentrates on general statements regarding these properties with limited illustrative data, anticipating that those who may be interested in more detail will want to use the bibliography provided at the conclusion of the report.

This SAE Recommended Practice provides a rating procedure for the cleanliness rating of steels by the magnetic particle method. The procedure is based on counting the number of indications (frequency) and employs a weighted value to obtain a severity factor. The method outlined is similar to that described in SAE Aerospace Material Specification AMS 2301.

This SAE Recommended Practice covers two levels of high strength structural low-alloy steel bars having minimum Yield Points of 345 MPa (50 ksi) and 450 MPa (65 ksi). The two strength levels are 345 and 450 MPa or 50 and 65 ksi minimum yield point. Different chemical compositions are used to achieve the specified mechanical properties. In some cases there are significant differences in chemical composition for the same strength level, depending on the fabricating requirements. It should be noted that although the mechanical properties for a steel grade sourced from different suppliers may be the same, the chemical composition may vary significantly. The fabricator should be aware that certain compositional differences may effect the forming, welding, and/or service requirements of the material. It is therefore recommended that the fabricator consult with the producer to understand the effect of chemical composition.

Common or obvious surface imperfections, which sometimes occur in sheet steel, are normally visible to the naked eye before or after fabrication. Illustrations and definitions of these imperfections are contained in this SAE Information Report. The identifying names are those commonly used throughout the steel industry. The imperfections identified include the major and most often encountered imperfections known to exist at this time. These imperfections are variable in appearance and severity. Extreme conditions have been selected in some instances in order to obtain suitable photographs. Photographs are courtesy of the American Iron and Steel Institute, Kaiser Aluminum, LTV Steel, National Steel, The Budd Company.

This standard covers the hardness and microstructural requirements for malleable iron castings - ferritic, pearlitic, tempered pearlitic, and tempered martensitic grades used in automotive and allied industries. Castings shall be heat treated to meet this SAE Standard. The Appendix provides general information on the application of malleable iron castings and their chemical composition to meet hardness, microstructure, and other properties needed for particular service conditions. The mechanical properties in the Appendix are provided for design purposes. The specific grades, hardness range, and final heat treatment are shown in Table 1.

This SAE Standard covers the mechanical and physical property requirements for Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) castings used in automotive and allied industries. Specifically covered are: a Hardness b Tensile Strength c Yield Strength d Elongation e Modulus of Elasticity f Impact Energy g Microstructure In this document SI units are primary and in-lb units are derived. Appendix A provides general information and related resources on the microstructural, chemical and heat treatment requirements to meet the mechanical properties needed for ADI in particular service conditions and applications.

This SAE Standard covers the mechanical and physical property requirements for Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) castings used in automotive and allied industries. Specifically covered are: a Hardness b Tensile Strength c Yield Strength d Elongation e Modulus of Elasticity f Impact Energy g Microstructure In this document SI units are primary and in-lb units are derived. Appendix A provides general information and related resources on the microstructural, chemical and heat treatment requirements to meet the mechanical properties needed for ADI in particular service conditions and applications.

This recommended practice covers methods for measuring or evaluating five properties or characteristics of sintered carbide which contribute significantly to the performance of sintered carbide tools. These properties are: hardness, specific gravity, apparent porosity, structure, and grain size. They are covered under separate headings below.

This SAE Standard covers the mechanical and physical requirements for Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) castings used in automotive and allied industries. Requirements in this document include: a Tensile Strength b Yield Strength c Elongation d Graphite Morphology

This SAE Standard covers the mechanical and physical requirements for Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) castings used in automotive and allied industries. Requirements in this document include: a Tensile Strength b Yield Strength c Elongation d Graphite Morphology

The choice of the type and grade of solder for any specific purpose will depend on the materials to be joined and the method of applying. Those with higher amounts of tin usually wet and bond more readily and have a narrower semi-molten range than lower amounts of tin. For strictly economic reasons, it is recommended that the grade of solder metal be selected that contains least amount of tin required to give suitable flowing and adhesive qualities for application. All the lead-tin solders, with or without antimony, are usually suitable for joining steel and copper base alloys. For galvanized steel or zinc, only Class A solders should be used. Class B solders, containing antimony usually as a substitute for some of the tin or to increase strength and hardness of the filler metal, form intermetallic antimony-zinc compounds, causing the joint to become embrittled. Lead-tin solders are not recommended for joining aluminum, magnesium, or stainless steel.

The choice of the type and grade of solder for any specific purpose will depend on the materials to be joined and the method of applying. Those with higher amounts of tin usually wet and bond more readily and have a narrower semi-molten range than lower amounts of tin. For strictly economic reasons, it is recommended that the grade of solder metal be selected that contains least amount of tin required to give suitable flowing and adhesive qualities for application. All the lead-tin solders, with or without antimony, are usually suitable for joining steel and copper base alloys. For galvanized steel or zinc, only Class A solders should be used. Class B solders, containing antimony usually as a substitute for some of the tin or to increase strength and hardness of the filler metal, form intermetallic antimony-zinc compounds, causing the joint to become embrittled. Lead-tin solders are not recommended for joining aluminum, magnesium, or stainless steel.

The choice of the type and grade of solder for any specific purpose will depend on the materials to be joined and the method of applying. Those with higher amounts of tin usually wet and bond more readily and have a narrower semi-molten range than lower amounts of tin. For strictly economic reasons, it is recommended that the grade of solder metal be selected that contains least amount of tin required to give suitable flowing and adhesive qualities for application. All the lead-tin solders, with or without antimony, are usually suitable for joining steel and copper base alloys. For galvanized steel or zinc, only Class A solders should be used. Class B solders, containing antimony usually as a substitute for some of the tin or to increase strength and hardness of the filler metal, form intermetallic antimony-zinc compounds, causing the joint to become embrittled. Lead-tin solders are not recommended for joining aluminum, magnesium, or stainless steel.

This SAE Standard covers the hardness, chemical analysis and microstructural requirements for ductile iron castings intended for high temperature service in automotive and allied industries. Commonly known as SiMo ductile iron, typical applications are in piston-engine exhaust manifolds and turbocharger parts. Castings may be specified in the as-cast or heat treated condition. For design purposes, the Appendix provides general information on the application of high temperature ductile iron castings, their processing conditions, chemical composition, mechanical properties and microstructure.

This SAE Standard covers the hardness, chemical analysis and microstructural requirements for ductile iron castings intended for high temperature service in automotive and allied industries. Commonly known as SiMo ductile iron, typical applications are in piston-engine exhaust manifolds and turbocharger parts. Castings may be specified in the as-cast or heat treated condition. For design purposes, the Appendix provides general information on the application of high temperature ductile iron castings, their processing conditions, chemical composition, mechanical properties and microstructure.

This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to provide basic information on properties and characteristics of high-strength carbon and alloy steels which have been subjected to special die drawing. This includes both cold drawing with heavier-than-normal drafts and die drawing at elevated temperatures.

Restricted hardenability steels have been in use for some time but the specific restrictions for a particular grade depend upon customer needs and vary from mill to mill. Such steels are desirable to provide more controlled heat treatment response and dimensional control for critical parts. Because of increasing interest in steels with restricted hardenability, the SAE Iron and Steel Technical Committee directed Division 8 to prepare a set of standard steels with restricted hardenability. In 1993, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) adopted the twelve SAE restricted hardenability steels and added ten more. SAE decided to include in SAE J1868 the additional 10 steels. In general, steels with restricted hardenability (RH steels) will exhibit a hardness range not greater than 5 HRC at the initial position on the end-quench hardenability bar and not greater than 65% of the hardness range for standard H-band steels (see SAE J1268) in the "inflection" region.