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A brief overview of the history and scope of the SAE Oil Labeling Assessment Program is presented. Then, the results of analyses on 893 samples of engine oil purchased in the retail market over the first three years of the program, are discussed. All samples were labeled with the API SF or SG Service Category, separately, or in combination with an API “C” category designation. Additionally, 43 engine oil samples found to be questionably labeled, were repurchased and analyzed; these results are included.

The results of analyses on 300 samples of engine oil purchased in the retail market in 1990 are discussed. All samples were labeled with the API SF or SG Service Category, separately, or in combination with an API C category designation. Also, 17 oils previously found to be questionably labeled, from the 1989 set, were repurchased and analyzed. These results are included.

Relative velocity detection thresholds of drivers are one factor that determines their ability to avoid rear-end crashes. Laboratory, simulator and driving studies show that drivers could scale relative velocity when it exceeded the threshold of about 0.003 rad/sec. Studies using accident reconstruction have suggested that the threshold may be about ten times larger. This paper discusses this divergence and suggests reasons for it and concludes that the lower value should be used as a true measure of the psychological threshold for detection of relative velocity.

A new form of SAE Transactions has been developed which allows for considerable flexibility in format, content, and distribution. A key volume includes abstracts of all SAE papers and a comprehensive depth index. Optional additions include printed and bound sets of all Transactions papers in full, subscriptions for all SAE papers, subscriptions for all SAE Transactions papers, and microfiche versions of each of these. No longer limited by physical size, all worthy papers can now be included in Transactions together with discussion, thereby enlarging the scope of Transactions approximately seven times.

A review of many years of published work has shown that hydrogen embrittlement can occur under rolling contact conditions. Breakdown of lubrication and contamination with water have been cited as the probable sources of atomic hydrogen. In this paper, a unique fracture morphology is identified and the mechanism of the fracture progression from initiation to final catastrophic failure is proposed. Development of beneficial residual compressive stress near the contacting surfaces is one approach used to avoid this type of failure. Several alternative methods capable of developing a more desirable stress distribution will be discussed.

The introduction of MultiAir technology [8] has had a strong impact on engine performance, fuel consumption, emissions and control. This technology, intended at first for gasoline engines and applied only on intake valves, is aiming at the reduction of engine breathing losses and, as a consequence, reduction of pollutant emissions and fuel consumption, together with an improvement of maximum intake efficiency. Further positive effects of MultiAir technology have been a significant improvement of Low End Torque, engine driveability (“fun-to-drive” index) and other operating conditions (e.g. idle control). Current development of MultiAir technology is focusing on a better management of hot EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation), still acting only on the intake side, although with specifically designed valve lift profiles. This application of MultiAir technology is pushing gasoline engines towards new levels of performance improvements.

There have been plastics in automobiles almost as long as there have been plastics. This paper deals with plastic molded parts from the 1930’s through 1970. These parts include steering wheels, tail light lenses, knobs, electrical connectors, fasteners, speedometer wheels, distributor caps, water pump impellers, dials, and various decorative ornaments.

This study applies the methodology developed for two earlier evaluations of diesel particulate controls to urban buses. Since these vehicles are used almost exclusively in urban areas where population is most dense, the analysis indicates the net benefits of control are very high.

A hybrid electric vehicle simulation tool (IBZ-Simulator) has been developed at the Fuel Cell Institute of the University of Applied Sciences Esslingen to study the fuel economy potential of a Fuel Cell hybrid urban bus. In this paper, the fundamental architecture of the FC urban buses was described, as well as the control strategy to manage the power flow between the different elements of the drive train. A comparison of the hybrid with the conventional type and ICE-hybrid type is performed, and important factors relating to the vehicle efficiency (accessory loads, vehicle mass, Fuel Cell system ramping rate and battery capacity) were assessed. The using of supercapacitor (or ultracapacitors) as peak power buffer has been investigated.

Hydraulic fluids of the HFC category are aqueous polymer solutions with a fire resistance enhancing water content of 35 to approx. 50 %. The use of HFC fluids, above all in mobile and stationary drives in mining and in casting is subject to restrictions resulting from a number of features of a fluid. Field practice has shown that while axial-piston pumps may be successfully operated using HFC fluids, rolling bearing failures reduce their operational lifetimes. The bearing failures essentially result from material fatigue. This can be remedied by new quality steel for roller bearings. The combination of high fatigue life and corrosion resistance assures a wide application range for nitrogen-treated steel qualities.

The Auto/Steel Partnership Corrosion Project Team has completed a perforation corrosion test program consisting of on-vehicle field exposures and various accelerated tests. Steel sheet products with eight combinations of metallic and organic coatings were tested, utilizing a simple crevice coupon design. On-vehicle exposures were conducted in St. John's and Detroit for up to seven years to establish a real-world performance standard. Identical test specimens were exposed to the various accelerated tests, and the results were compared to the real-world standard. This report documents the results of these tests, and compares the accelerated test results (including SAE J2334, GM9540P, Ford APGE, CCT-I, ASTM B117, South Florida Modified Volvo, and Kure Beach (25-meter) exposures) to the on-vehicle tests. The results are compared in terms of five criteria: extent of corrosion, rank order of material performance, degree of correlation, acceleration factor, and control of test environment.

The original design-performance evaluation method of tracks and tracklaying vehicles, proposed by this writer during the WW II, was further developed and enhanced with new experience gained by many researchers. The method is based on the approximation of track action by a number of appropriate wheel actions. It is mathematically simple, and practically unique encompassing detailed track and road wheel geometry, wheel spacing, loads and load distribution together with regular soil strength parameters. It conforms methodologically with evaluation of pneumatic tires and rigid wheels, previously published in a series of SAE papers. The said papers and the present one form a concise engineering outline of Terramechanics for off-road locomotion.

This paper presents an overview of the Driver Performance Data Book under preparation by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). It includes a brief discussion of the purpose of the Data Book, the restrictions placed on the development effort, and how it is expected that it will be used by Agency personnel and others. Sample pages from the document are reproduced to illustrate the basic format, and the Table of Contents of each section is presented to identify the major topics covered and indicate the number of pages devoted to each.

The efforts of the ISO “Test Variability Task Force” have been aimed at improving the understanding and at reducing brake dynamometer test variability during performance testing. In addition, dynamometer test results have been compared and correlated to vehicle testing. Even though there is already a vast amount of anecdotal evidence confirming the fact that different procedures generate different friction coefficients on the same brake corner, the availability of supporting data to the industry has been elusive up to this point. To overcome this issue, this paper focuses on assessing friction levels, friction coefficient sensitivity, and repeatability under ECE, GB, ISO, JASO, and SAE laboratory friction evaluation tests.

Gear rattle, clunk, and other such noises, commonly referred to as impulsive or unusual noise, are often classified as unique problems without common origins. This paper examines the underlying structure that promotes them and traces physical system behaviors that predispose them to such noises. Though the audible noise itself is not modeled directly, a good deal of the disposable energy that sustains it can be inferred from the impulsive dynamics that underlies the whole process. Further effort quantifies the energies involved and appraises the distinctiveness of the perceived noise. Whether one hears gear rattle or clunk depends on the initiating site within the system and the impulsivity index of the prevailing dynamics. Observable indicators suggest that periodic noise is supported by periodic dynamics and, similarly, impulsive noise, by impulsive dynamics and that the latter is non-deterministic, discontinuous and even chaotic.

Rapidly industrializing developing countries are now starting to note similar air pollution problems to those of the industrialized world. This paper surveys the adverse environmental impacts resulting from motor vehicles, reviews technologies developed to address these problems, and summarizes the current status of pollution controls around the world. Special focus is on the design of strategies to address the emerging problems of developing countries.

The purpose of this paper is to survey the adverse environmental impacts resulting from motor vehicles, to review technologies developed to address these problems, and to summarize the current status of pollution control programs around the world.

Modern approaches to durability assurance in ground vehicle design are reviewed in the context of recent developments in computer-based analytical and experimental tools for use by designers and development engineers. Examples, using an automotive wheel assembly, are presented to illustrate the application of fatigue analysis in product development. Major challenges associated with the linking of various design tools into integrated networks appropriately configured for industrial problem solving are discussed along with an assessment of the potential benefits to be gained from such integration.

This paper provides a review of the fatigue properties reported in the open literature for die cast magnesium-based alloys. Recently developed fatigue data, in the form of stress versus number of cycles to failure for bending fatigue (R=-1), are presented for die cast AM60B and AZ91D alloy specimens with thicknesses between 1 and 10 mm. The effects of specimen thickness and macrostructural features, such as porosity distributions and surface features (parting line and ejection pin marks), on the fatigue data are discussed.

Several of the authors have recently developed procedures to efficiently evaluate experimentally the relative contributions of various wind noise paths and sources. These procedures are described and, as a case study, results are provided for the noise in the interior of a production automobile subjected to wind tunnel airflow. The present measurements and analysis indicate that for the tested vehicle significant contributions to interior noise are provided by underbody and wheel well flows, radiation from the roof and seal aspiration. A significant tone associated with vortex shedding from the radio antenna was also noted.