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The lean combustion system, developed for fuel economy inprovement, uses a Lean Mixture Sensor for the feedback control of air-fuel ratio in the lean mixture range. The Lean Mixture Sensor, comprises a zirconia solid electrolyte cell which has an electrochemical pumping action and a ceramic coating layer as a diffusion layer; the measurable range is from the stoichiometric to 25 of air-fuel ratio.

The authors developed a high-reliability low-cost gold-plated connector for automobiles. The connector is covered with three plated layers, nickel, palladium-nickel alloy, and gold. The three-layer plating helps to reduce the required thickness of gold. This paper describes the reasons why palladium-nickel plating was adopted and compares the corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance and wear resistance of three-layer-plated materials with those of conventional gold-plated materials. In addition, the characterisitics of three-layer-plated connectors were compared with those of conventional gold-plated connectors. It was found that the reliability of three-layer-plated connectors was as high as that of conventional gold-plated connectors.