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Conventional constant volume sampling (CVS) is well known as a precision emissions measurement method, even though the concentrations of THC, NOX, CO and CH₄ emitted from vehicles are getting lower by improvement of emissions control devices. Recently, fuel economy requirements have increased in many regions. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), is one of the solutions for fuel economy improvement. HEVs and PHEVs have an all-electric range in which the internal combustion engines (ICEs) are completely shut down. This operation results in a high dilution factor (DF) and low concentrations of gaseous components, including CO₂, in the CVS system. Such dilution conditions directly cause an increase of numerical error for DF and an analysis error for gaseous components. Furthermore, a small amount of air flow across exhaust catalysts, drawn by slightly negative tailpipe pressure generated by the CVS during ICE shutdown may influence emission results.