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Verification of landing gear design strength is accomplished by dynamic and static test programs. This is essentially a verification of the analytical procedures used to design the gear. An industry survey was recently conducted to determine just what analysis and testing are currently being applied to landing gear. Timing in relation to first flight of new aircraft was also questioned. Opinions were solicited from designers of the following categories and/or types of aircraft: a Military - Large Land Based (Bomber) b Military - Small Land Based (Fighter) c Military - Carrier Based (Navy) d Military - Helicopter (Large) e Military - Helicopter (Small-attack) f Commercial - Large (Airliner) g Commercial - Small (Business) h USAF (WPAFB) - Recommendations It is the objective of this AIR to present a summary of these responses. It is hoped that this summary will be useful to designers as a guide and/or check list in establishing criteria for landing gear analysis and test.

This specification covers definition of landing impact tests which are to be conducted on landing gear assemblies including shock absorbers, suggested instrumentation for the tests and required data of the resulting test report. It is intended to standardize impact test procedures on landing gear shock absorbers and to provide sufficient data to allow evaluation of the design with respect to requirements of MIL-L-8552 and MIL-S-8959 as applicable.

This recommended practice covers the fixed structure, or independent energy absorbing system affixed to the airframe to afford protection to the control surfaces, engine and other portions during ground handling, take-off and landing.

This recommended practice covers the fixed structure, or independent energy absorbing system affixed to the airframe to afford protection to the control surfaces, engine and other portions during ground handling, take-off and landing.

This recommended practice covers the fixed structure, or independent energy absorbing system affixed to the airframe to afford protection to the control surfaces, engine and other portions during ground handling, take-off and landing.

This recommended practice covers the fixed structure, or independent energy absorbing system affixed to the airframe to afford protection to the control surfaces, engine and other portions during ground handling, take-off and landing.

This document describes the approaches taken to define safe-life limits for the management of fatigue in landing gear structures, and the substantiation of those limits through full-scale fatigue testing. The safe-life scatter factors considered in a range of military and civil regulatory standards are also reviewed.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) advises that some of the chemicals being used to disinfect, de-ice, and clean airplanes can cause corrosion and/or degradation of landing gear components. Landing gear equipment includes shock struts, braces, actuators, wheels, brakes, tires, and electrical components. Some of the chemicals that have been recognized as potentially injurious are identified and recommendations for mitigating damage are presented.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) advises that some of the chemicals being used to disinfect, de-ice, and clean airplanes can cause corrosion and/or degradation of landing gear components. Landing gear equipment includes shock struts, braces, actuators, wheels, brakes, tires, and electrical components. Some of the chemicals that have been recognized as potentially injurious are identified and recommendations for mitigating damage are presented.

This document is intended to give advisory information for the selection of plain bearings and bearing materials most suitable for aircraft landing gear applications. Information included herein was derived from bearing tests and service experience/reports. Airframe/landing gear manufacturers, commercial airlines, the U.S. Air Force and Naval Air Systems Command provided input for the document. Information is given on bearing installation methods and fits that have given satisfactory performance and service life. Base metal corrosion is a major cause of problems in bearing installations for landing gears. Therefore, methods of corrosion prevention are discussed. Effort is directed toward minimizing maintenance and maximizing life expectancy of landing gear bearings. Lubricated and self-lubricating bearings are also discussed. There are wide ranges of bearing load and motion requirements for applications in aircraft landing gears.

This document outlines the current state of the art in the understanding of gas in solution in shock absorber oils in unseperated shock absorbers. A literature review, overview of Henry's law, Henry's law coefficients for known gas and oil couples, in-service operational problems, lessons learned, and potential future work will be discussed in the document.

This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) will examine considerations relative to the use of mechanical switches on aircraft landing gear, and present "lessons learned" during the period that these devices have been used.

This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) will examine considerations relative to the use of mechanical switches on aircraft landing gear, and present "lessons learned" during the period that these devices have been used.

This project will convert MIL-L-8552 (including changes defined in Amendment 2, 10 December 1968) word-for-word into an SAE Aerospace Standard. The new document will be approved in accordance with SAE's "accelerated approval" process.

The scope of this document is to discuss the differences between electromechanical and proximity position sensing devices (sensor or switch) when used on landing gear. It also contains information which may be helpful when applying either type of technology after the selection has been made. The purpose is to help the designer make better choices when selecting a position-sensing device. Once that choice has been made, this document includes information to improve the reliability of new or current designs. It is not intended to replace recommendations from sensor manufacturers or actual experience, but to provide a set of general guidelines based on historic infromation of what is being used.

The scope of this document is to discuss the differences between electromechanical and proximity position sensing devices when used on landing gears. It also contains information, which may be helpful, when applying either type of technology after the selection has been made. The purpose is to help the designer make better choices when selecting a position-sensing device. Once that choice has been made, this document includes information to improve the reliability of new or current designs. It is not intended to replace recommendations from sensor manufacturers or actual experience, but to provide a set of general guidelines.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) applies to landing gear structures and mechanisms (excluding wheels, tires, and brakes and other landing gear systems) for all types and models of civil and military aircraft. All axles, wheel forks, links, arms, mechanical and gas/oil shock struts, downlock and uplock assemblies, braces, trunnion beams, and truck beams etc., that sustain loads originating at the ground, and that are not integral parts of the airframe structure, should be designed and validated in accordance with this document. Hydraulic actuators (retraction, main and nose gear steering, positioning, damping, etc.) should also be included in this coverage. System level, non-structural components such as retraction/extension valves, controllers, secondary structure and mechanisms in the airframe (e.g., manual release mechanisms, slaved doors) as well as equipment that is located in the cockpit are not addressed in this ARP.

This specification contains landing gear strength and rigidity requirements, which, in combination with other applicable specifications, define the structural design, analysis, test, and data requirements for fixed wing piloted airplanes. These requirements include, but are not limited to the following: a General Specifications 1 The shock-absorption characteristics and strength of landing-gear units and the strength and rigidity of their control systems and of their carry-through structures.

This specification contains landing gear strength and rigidity requirements, which, in combination with other applicable specifications, define the structural design, analysis, test, and data requirements for fixed wing piloted airplanes. These requirements include, but are not limited to the following: a General Specifications 1 The shock-absorption characteristics and strength of landing-gear units and the strength and rigidity of their control systems and of their carry-through structures.