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An improved system for total cylinder sampling from an indirect injection passenger car type diesel engine has been developed. The system utilizes explosively actuated cutters which cut aluminum diaphragms in both the main combustion chamber and precombustion chamber at a predetermined time. The cylinder charge is rapidly cooled and diluted as it flows from the chambers into the sampling system. When sampling from near top dead center, cylinder pressure decay half times of about 0.5 ms have been achieved. The system has been used to determine NOx concentrations in the cylinder as a function of crankangle position at 1000 rpm with equivalence ratios of 0.32, 0.52, and 0.60. NOx concentrations rise rapidly shortly after the onset of combustion, attain maxima which are 2 to 10% higher than corresponding exhaust concentrations at about 5-10 crankangle degrees after the end of the fuel injection process and then slowly decay to exhaust levels.

A dumping apparatus has been developed and tested for total cylinder sampling from an indirect injection diesel engine. The apparatus design is described in detail along with the experimental system. The system performance is given for one engine operating condition. Graphs of main chamber and pre-chamber pressures versus crankangle are also included. The system demonstrated a sampling accuracy of ±2 degrees of crankangle.

Soot formation and oxidation within the cylinder of a divided-chamber diesel engine have been studied experimentally and predicted analytically using a diesel combustion model. Experimental measurements of in-cylinder particle concentration were made using a unique sampling system which samples and quenches nearly the entire contents of the cylinder on a time scale of less than 1 ms. The experimental measurements are compared with predictions made using a stochastic combustion model coupled to an Arrhenius-type soot formation model, and 02 and OH soot oxidation models. Five engine conditions: low-load standard-timing (base case), high-load standard-timing, low-load advanced-timing, low-load standard-timing + EGR, and low-load standard-timing + 02, were examined experimentally, but only the first three were modeled.

A system that allows collection and analysis of all of the exhaust from individual engine cycles has been built. Its development and performance are described. The system was used to study the cyclic variability of a 0.7 liter direct injection diesel cylinder operating at 1500 rpm and an equivalence of 0.6. Particulate emissions exhibited the greatest variability. The cyclic variability (standard deviation) of particulate emissions associated with in-cylinder processes was found to be about 40% of the mean. The variability of NOx emissions that could be associated with in-cylinder processes was much lower, only about 6% of the mean. The variability of pressure development in the combustion process itself, as indicated by IMEP, was very low, less than 2% of the mean.

This paper describes a study of the exhaust aerosols produced by a single cylinder Onan diesel engine using a rapid dilution sampling system. Diluted exhaust aerosols were analyzed with an electrical aerosol analyzer (EAA) and a transmission electron microscope. Mass concentrations of particulate matter were determined by gravimetric filter analysis. Volume mean diameters observed with the EAA were about 0.1 μm. Mass concentration measurements made with filters were in qualitative agreement with those calculated from the aerosol volume concentrations measured with the EAA.

A 0.5 liter single-cylinder, indirect-injection diesel engine has been fumigated with producer gas, a mixture of principally H2, CO, and N2 with a heating value of about 160 Btu/ft3. Producer gas is produced by air-blown gasification of coal or biomass. Measurements of power, efficiency, cylinder pressure, and emissions were made. At each operating condition, engine load was held constant, and the gas-to-diesel fuel ratio was increased until abnormal combustion (severe efficiency loss, missfire, knock, or preignition) was encountered. This determined the maximum fraction of the input energy supplied by the gas, Emax, which was found to be dependent upon injection timing and load. At light loads, Emax was limited by severe efficiency loss and missfire, while at heavy loads it was limited by knock or preignition.

Alcohols are examined as supplemental carbureted fuels for highspeed turbocharged diesels as typified by the White Motor/Waukesha F310 DBLT (6 cylinder, 310 cu. in.). Most of the work was with methanol; ethanol and isopropanol were compared at a few points. Fumigation (dual-fueling) with alcohol significantly reduced smoke and intake manifold temperature. These effects were largest at high load. Efficiency and HC emissions were essentially unchanged. Cylinder pressures and rise rates were examined for possible adverse effects on engine structure. The range of speed and load favorable to alcohol dual-fueling are such that, should alcohols become economically competitive as fuels, a practical duel-fuel system could be applied to existing diesel engines.

Particle size distributions have been measured in the exhaust of a single cylinder Onan diesel engine using an electrical aerosol analyzer. These measurements give volume mean diameter for the exhaust particles of about 0.1 μm. Other investigators have shown that the particles found in diesel exhaust consist of agglomerates of very small primary particles (about 0.025 μm diameter) and may contain condensed hydrocarbons. A mathematical model has been constructed to determine the particle size distributions which will result from the growth of the primary particles by coagulation. The coagulation equation was solved numerically for an expanding stratified system. The model indicates that the inhomogeneity characteristic of stratified combustion can explain the rapid growth of the primary particles into the larger particles observed in diesel exhaust.

A modified CFR Cetane engine was used to analyze combustion characteristics and emissions of minimally processed coal liquids (MPCLs). To aid in combustion of the coal liquids, the ability to heat the fuel and inlet air was added. The MPCLs are derived from atmospheric distillation of coal liquids. The coal liquids are byproducts of coal gasification of Elkhorn bituminous and North Dakota lignite using the atmospheric, air blown Wellman-Galusha and pressurized, oxygen blown Lurgi gasifiers, respectively. The MPCLs were compared with three reference fuels: diesel No. 2, U12 (21 cetane number) and #-methyl napthalene (0 cetane number). The inlet air was heated from 340 to 535 K and the compression ratio was varied from 13 to 31 to provide sufficient range in temperature and pressure necessary for the combustion of low cetane number fuels. At each operating condition, fuel consumption, cylinder pressure, ignition delay, and emisions were measured.