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The purpose of this research was to obtain a better understanding of engine knocking phenomena. Measurements were made of the behavior of formaldehyde (HCHO), an important intermediate product of cool flame reactions, and of the HCO radical, characterized by distinctive light emission during blue flame reactions. The test engine was operated on a blended fuel (50 RON) of n-heptane and iso-octane. Simultaneous measurements were made of the behavior of HCHO and the OH radical using absorption spectroscopy and of the behavior of HCO and OH radicals using emission spectroscopy. Absorbance spectroscopic measurements revealed behavior thought to correspond to the passage of a cool flame and emission spectroscopic measurements showed behavior thought to correspond to the passage of a blue flame.

While active safety has become a focus of attention, passive safety protocols are still being updated, and evaluation standards are becoming stringent worldwide. This paper focused on FMVSS 301, the North American regulation for rear impacts. Due to an offset impact with deformable barrier, it is challenging to control bending modes of rear frames. Furthermore, there is a considerable difference in load paths to the left and right frames, and the amount of bending deformation experienced by the frame on the non-collision-side, which does not directly contact with the barrier, is low. The purpose of this research was to enhance rear-frame energy absorption efficiency in such collisions. To achieve this goal, this research focused on enhancement of deformation mode of the rear frames, and also minimizing the difference in their input loads.