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The vehicle dynamics terminology presented herein pertains to passenger cars and light trucks with two axles and to those vehicles pulling single-axle trailers. The terminology presents symbols and definitions covering the following subjects: axis systems, vehicle bodies, suspension and steering systems, brakes, tires and wheels, operating states and modes, control and disturbance inputs, vehicle responses, and vehicle characterizing descriptors. The scope does not include terms relating to the human perception of vehicle response.

The vehicle dynamics terminology presented herein pertains to passenger cars and light trucks with two axles and to those vehicles pulling single-axle trailers. The terminology presents symbols and definitions covering the following subjects: axis systems, vehicle bodies, suspension and steering systems, brakes, tires and wheels, operating states and modes, control and disturbance inputs, vehicle responses, and vehicle characterizing descriptors. The scope does not include terms relating to the human perception of vehicle response.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for determining properties of a non-rolling tire quasi-statically enveloping either a set of triangular cleats or a single step cleat. In the case of the triangular cleats the normal force and vertical deflection of the non-rolling tire are determined. In the case of the step cleats the normal force, longitudinal force, and vertical deflection of the non-rolling tire are determined. The method applies to any tire so long as the equipment is properly sized to correctly conduct the measurements for the intended test tire.1 The data are intended for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development. NOTE: Herein, road load models are models for predicting forces applied to the vehicle spindles during operation over irregular pavements. Within the context of this document, forces applied to the pavement are not considered.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for determining the vertical force and deflection properties of a non-rolling tire and the associated contact patch length and width. The method applies to any tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development. NOTE: Herein, road load models are models for predicting forces applied to the vehicle spindles during operation over irregular pavements. Within the context of this Recommended Practice, forces applied to the pavement are not considered.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a trio of test methods which determine basic tire size (geometry), mass, and moments of inertia. The methods apply to any tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development. NOTE: Herein, road load models are models for predicting forces applied to the vehicle spindles during operation over irregular surfaces paved or unpaved. Within the context of this Recommended Practice, forces applied to the surface on which the tire is operating are not considered.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a trio of test methods which determine basic tire size (geometry), mass, and moments of inertia. The methods apply to any tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development. NOTE: Herein, road load models are models for predicting forces applied to the vehicle spindles during operation over irregular surfaces paved or unpaved. Within the context of this Recommended Practice, forces applied to the surface on which the tire is operating are not considered.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a trio of test methods which determine basic tire size (geometry), mass, and moments of inertia. The methods apply to any tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development. NOTE: Herein, road load models are models for predicting forces applied to the vehicle spindles during operation over irregular surfaces paved or unpaved. Within the context of this Recommended Practice, forces applied to the surface on which the tire is operating are not considered.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes application of two closely related test procedures, which together determine the linear range longitudinal and lateral stiffnesses of a statically loaded non-rotating tire. The procedures apply to any tire so long as the equipment is properly sized to correctly conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development. NOTE: Herein, road load models are models for predicting forces applied to the vehicle spindles during operation over irregular pavements. Within the context of this document, forces applied to the pavement are not considered.

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a rating scale for subjective evaluation of vehicle ride and handling. The scale is applicable for the evaluation of specific vehicle ride and handling properties, for specified maneuvers, road characteristics and driving conditions, on proving ground and public roads. The validity of the evaluation is restricted to the individual ride and handling disciplines defined by these maneuvers and to the particular combination of conditions of the vehicle (e.g., equipment, degree of maintenance) and of the environment (e.g., road, weather). This rating scale may not be suitable for some applications, such as specific types of ride or handling qualities, driver populations and market segments, or for correlating with objective measures. Appendix A - Other Scales discusses rating scales that better suit such applications.

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a rating scale for subjective evaluation of vehicle ride and handling. The scale is applicable for the evaluation of specific vehicle ride and handling properties, for specified maneuvers, road characteristics and driving conditions, on proving ground and public roads. The validity of the evaluation is restricted to the individual ride and handling disciplines defined by these maneuvers and to the particular combination of conditions of the vehicle (e.g., equipment, degree of maintenance) and of the environment (e.g., road, weather). This rating scale may not be suitable for some applications, such as specific types of ride or handling qualities, driver populations and market segments, or for correlating with objective measures. Appendix A - Other Scales discusses rating scales that better suit such applications.

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a rating scale for subjective evaluation of vehicle handling. The scale is applicable for the evaluation of specific vehicle handling properties in specific maneuvers on the proving grounds and highways. The validity of the evaluation is restricted to the individual handling disciplines defined by these maneuvers and to the particular combination of conditions of the vehicle (e.g., equipment, degree of maintenance) and of the environment (e.g., road, weather). This document is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances.

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes consistent test procedures for determination of steady-state directional control properties for passenger cars and light trucks with single axles. These properties include the gradients with respect to lateral acceleration of steering wheel angle, understeer/ oversteer, sideslip, roll angle, and steering wheel torque; the gains with respect to steering wheel angle of yaw velocity, lateral acceleration, and sideslip; the characteristic speed or critical speed; and the total, steering, and tire compliances at the front and rear wheels.

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes consistent test procedures for determination of steady-state directional control properties for passenger cars and light trucks with two axles. These properties include the steering-wheel angle gradient, reference steer angle gradient, sideslip angle gradient, vehicle roll angle gradient, and steering-wheel torque gradient with respect to lateral acceleration. They also include the yaw velocity gain, lateral acceleration gain, and sideslip angle gain with respect to steering-wheel angle. Additionally, the characteristic or critical speed and the front and rear wheel steer compliances may be determined.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes an evaluation procedure for validating tire models for use in road load simulations and assesses the relevant dynamic behavior of tires. The laboratory test utilized is a “cleat” test, where a rolling tire on a drum encounters a cleat and the resulting dynamic forces and moments are measured. This test is described in SAE J2730, “Dynamic Cleat Test with Perpendicular and Inclined Cleats”. The test is commonly used to identify tire model parameters. In this recommended practice, requirements for the measurement of the tire’s response are described along with data processing techniques and calculations used to quantitatively compare the tire model’s calculated response to the tire’s response measured on test. This recommended practice addresses both the tire model structure and its parameters.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes an evaluation procedure for validating tire models for use in road load simulations and assesses the relevant dynamic behavior of tires. The laboratory test utilized is a “cleat” test, where a rolling tire on a drum encounters a cleat and the resulting dynamic forces and moments are measured. This test is described in SAE J2730, “Dynamic Cleat Test with Perpendicular and Inclined Cleats”. The test is commonly used to identify tire model parameters. In this recommended practice, requirements for the measurement of the tire’s response are described along with data processing techniques and calculations used to quantitatively compare the tire model’s calculated response to the tire’s response measured on test. This recommended practice addresses both the tire model structure and its parameters.