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Posture and gait controls underlie the fundamental physical and cognitive human factors necessary for astronauts’ safety and performance in Space. This central subsystem is adversely affected when exposed to an extreme or hostile environment. A specific stimulation, using dermal optical sensitivity, can be provided to the central nervous system to counteract peripheral stimulations due to microgravity as well as other negative stressors. We believe using dermal optical sensitivity-based stimulation can be key in the performance enhancement necessary to ensure human based space mission viability and success.

A sense of “personal integrity” blocks pilot use of new information about how he thinks. Research on human performance under stress done over the past fifty years indicates increased rigidity and regression to earlier learned behavior in high stress, and in low Stress a shift in attention to any domestic situation or on the job controversy which is of higher stress than that of the job at hand, all without the pilot's knowledge. Informal surveys of commercial pilot training and commercial pilot attitudes towards these studies indicate that the study findings directly confront learned cultural responses. Pilot and trainer reactions prevent the information from being adequately investigated or formally taught. The findings are not written into training manuals and pilots who are informally given the information do not have adequate access to the knowledge when it is needed.

The paper summarizes the experience gained on the ISS water management system during the missions of ISS-1 through ISS-16 (since November 2 2000, through December 31, 2007). The water supply sources and structure, consumption and supply balance at various phases of space station operation are reviewed. The performance data of the system for water recovery from humidity condensate SRV-K and urine feed and pretreatment system SPK-U in the Russian orbital segment are presented. The key role of water recovery on a board the ISS and the need to supplement the station's water supply hardware with a system for water reclamation from urine, water from a carbon dioxide reduction system and hygiene water is shown.

In a 2-year program sponsored by SJAC, an aqueous electroplating process using alkaline Zn-Ni with trivalent chromium post treatment is under evaluation for high strength steel for aircraft application as an alternative to cadmium. Commercial Zn-15%Ni rack/barrel plating solutions are basis for plating aircraft parts or fasteners. Brightener was reduced from the original formula to form porous plating that enables bake-out of hydrogen to avoid hydrogen embrittlement condition. Properties of the deposit, such as appearance, adhesion, un-scribed corrosion resistance, and galvanic corrosion resistance in contact with Al alloy, were evaluated. Coefficient of friction was compared with Cd plating by torque-tension measurements. Evaluation of the plating for scribed corrosion resistance, primer adhesion, etc. will continue in FY2007.

This paper describes the testing of a waste management system designed and fabricated for use in a space vehicle. The system provides for the collection and inactivation of urine, feces, emergency diarrheal disorders, vomitus, and debris; the volumetric determination of each micturition; and onboard storage of the inactivated wastes within the waste management system compartment. The zero-gravity test program conducted in a KC-135 aircraft provided the primary verification of the performance of the waste collection and urine volume determination functions prior to actual space flight. The test hardware simulated the actual system to a high degree of fidelity with respect to operational characteristics of the airflow required in collection, mechanical functions and system pressure differentials, in order to minimize simulation errors.

This specification covers the engineering requirements for electrodepositton of zinc and the properties of the deposit.

This SAE Metric Aerospace Standard (MA) provides dimensional, performance, testing and other requirements for high strength, thin wall, double head box and combination wrenches which possess an internal wrenching design so configured that, when mated with hexagon (6 point) fasteners, they shall transmit torque to the fastener without bearing on the apex of the fastener’s wrenching points. This standard provides additional requirements beyond ANSI B107.9 appropriate for aerospace use. Inclusion of dimensional data in this document is not intended to imply all of the products described therein are stock production sizes. Consumers are requested to consult with manufacturers concerning lists of stock production sizes.

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers adjustable and non-adjustable spanner wrenches generally used for aerospace machinery maintenance and for tightening and loosening hose couplings and hydrant caps. Inclusion of dimensional data in this document is not intended to imply all of the products described therein are stock production sizes. Consumers are requested to consult with manufacturers concerning lists of stock production sizes.

This specification covers three types of uncoated, square (0.050 to 0.500 inches in width), high-carbon steel wire (see 6.1).

This specification covers three types of uncoated, square (0.050 to 0.500 inches in width), high-carbon steel wire (see 6.1).

Numerous space projects are underway worldwide which, in the long run, intend to further expand humankind's reach into space and to accelerate the discovery and utilization of resources there. Specific initiatives involving extensive human space activity have been proposed by the US, USSR, European Space Agency and Japan, particularly in Earth orbit, on the Moon and at Mars. As an integrated whole, these proposals suggest an increasing demand for launch systems, upper stages, maneuvering and orbit transfer vehicles of all kinds, and significant increases in total habitable volume in various orbits and extraterrestrial surfaces. There is one critical flaw in all of this, however, that is choking progress every step of the way: the space infrastructure has no architecture; it has no conceptual integrity.

In unsuited locomotion, running is more energy efficient than walking, per unit distance and mass, when gravity is less than 0.5g. We analyzed past energetics studies to evaluate whether this finding also applies to locomotion in space suits. We found least-squares fits for cost of transport [J·kg−1 · m−1], C, as a function of gravity. Suited C was lower for running at all gravity levels (Earth, Lunar). High suited C during walking likely results from high space suit joint torques; space suit legs, acting as springs during running, achieve low C by improving recovery. Walk-back constraints for planetary extravehicular activity are probably overly conservative and can be reduced to reflect the relative efficiency of running in space suits.

This specification covers one type of cushion tread (semi-pneumatic) wheels for use on mobile ground support equipment.

This specification covers one type of nylon webbing.