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In recent years there has been increasing interest in quantifying the emissions from aircraft in order to generate inventories of emissions for climate models, technology and scenario studies, and inventories of emissions for airline fleets typically presented in environmental reports. The preferred method for calculating aircraft engine emissions of NOx, HC, and CO is the proprietary “P3T3” method. This method relies on proprietary airplane and engine performance models along with proprietary engine emissions characterizations. In response and in order to provide a transparent method for calculating aircraft engine emissions non proprietary fuel flow based methods 1,2,3 have been developed. This paper presents derivation, updates, and clarifications of the fuel flow method methodology known as “Fuel Flow Method 2”.

“Zoning” a catalytic converter involves placing higher concentrations of platinum group metals (PGM) in the inlet portion of the substrate. This is done to optimize the cost-to-performance tradeoff by increasing the reaction rate at lower temperatures while minimizing PGM usage. A potentially useful application of catalyst zoning is to improve performance using a constant PGM mass. A study was performed to assess what the optimum ratio of front to rear palladium zone length is to achieve the highest performance in vehicle emission testing. Varying the zone ratio from 1:1 to 1:9 shows a clear hydrocarbon performance optimum at a 1:5.66 (15%/85%) split. This performance optimum shows as both a minimum in FTP75 non-methane organic gas (NMOG) emissions as well as a minimum in hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide light-off temperature. Overall, an improvement of 18%, or 11 mg/mi of combined NMOG+NOx emissions was obtained without using additional PGM.

A program has been completed to evaluate ultra-low sulfur diesel fuels and passive diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in truck and bus fleets operating in southern California. The fuels, ECD and ECD-1, are produced by ARCO (a BP Company) and have less than 15 ppm sulfur content. Vehicles were retrofitted with two types of catalyzed DPFs, and operated on ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel for over one year. Exhaust emissions, fuel economy and operating cost data were collected for the test vehicles, and compared with baseline control vehicles. Regulated emissions are presented from two rounds of tests. The first round emissions tests were conducted shortly after the vehicles were retrofitted with the DPFs. The second round emissions tests were conducted following approximately one year of operation. Several of the vehicles retrofitted with DPFs accumulated well over 100,000 miles of operation between test rounds.

The experimental XA-100 is a 5-passenger 4-door Chevrolet Corsica that has been retrofitted with an electric-motor propulsion system, batteries, and an on-board engine/alternator system. The XA-100 is designed 1) to travel on around-town and short freeway commute trips on battery power alone with zero exhaust emissions (zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV)) and 2) to travel as an ultra-low-emissions vehicle (ULEV) on long distance trips using an on-board engine/alternator (i.e., an auxiliary power unit (APU)) for electric power. In all other respects (e.g., performance, handling, user interface), the XA-100 is designed to retain the characteristics of the conventional Corsica to the greatest degree possible. The XA-100 was developed as a result of research sponsored in part by the California Energy Commission (CEC), with labor donated by members of the Electric Auto Association (EAA) and faculty, staff and students of Stanford University.

An international standard for nonroad engines has been developed that comprises gaseous and particulate emissions measurement procedures, smoke testing, test cycles, and an engine family and group concept. Through a joint effort of industry and government agencies, ISO 8178 has become the basis for emissions legislation in the USA, the European Union and Japan and of the International Maritime Organization. The ultimate goal of worldwide harmonization for the worldwide engine industry has been reached, but much effort is still needed to maintain the level of harmonization achieved today. The validity of ISO 8178 has been demonstrated on a round robin test with three engines of 19 to 170 kW circulated around 28 test laboratories. Test-to-test repeatability was generally lower than 10 %. Lab-to-lab variability was less than 10 % for NOx and particulates, and over 25 % for HC and CO. The equivalence of partial flow and full flow dilution systems for particulates has been proven.

As an annual subscription, the Wiley Cyber Security Collection Add-On is available for purchase along with one or both of the following: Wiley Aerospace Collection Wiley Automotive Collection The titles from the Wiley Cyber Security Collection are included in the SAE MOBILUS® eBook Package. Titles: Network Forensics Penetration Testing Essentials Security in Fixed and Wireless Networks, 2nd Edition The Network Security Test Lab: A Step-by-Step Guide Risk Centric Threat Modeling: Process for Attack Simulation and Threat Analysis Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms and Source Code in C, 20th Anniversary Edition Computer Security Handbook, Set, 6th Edition Threat Modeling: Designing for Security Other available Wiley collections: Wiley SAE MOBILUS eBook Package Wiley Aerospace Collection Wiley Automotive Collection Wiley Computer Systems Collection Add-On (purchasable with the Wiley Aerospace Collection and/or the Wiley Automotive Collection)

This document recommends supplementary design criteria to enhance endurance and reliability of transport aircraft wheels and brakes.

This document recommends supplementary design criteria to enhance endurance and reliability of transport aircraft wheels and brakes.

Transit agencies across the United States operate bus fleets primarily powered by diesel, natural gas, and hybrid drive systems. Passenger loading affects the power demanded from the engine, which in turn affects distance-specific emissions and fuel consumption. Analysis shows that the nature of bus activity, taking into account the idle time, tire rolling resistance, wind drag, and acceleration energy, influences the way in which passenger load impacts emissions. Emissions performance and fuel consumption from diesel and natural gas powered buses were characterized by the West Virginia University (WVU) Transportable Emissions Testing Laboratory. A comparison matrix for all three bus technologies included three common driving cycles (the Braunschweig Cycle, the OCTA Cycle, and the ADEME-RATP Paris Cycle). Each bus was tested at three different passenger loading conditions (empty weight, half weight, and full weight).

Ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE), a reaction product of ethanol and isobutylene, has been proposed as a high-octane blending component for gasoline. Laboratory studies have been conducted to determine how the addition of ETBE to gasoline affects the volatility characteristics of the fuel, and how the effects of ETBE compare with those of the commonly used oxygenates, ethanol and MTBE. The amount of vapor generated in bench-scale simulated evaporative emissions tests with each of those three oxygenates was also determined. The vapor pressures of gasoline-ETBE blends decreased linearly as the concentration of ETBE was increased. In contrast, ethanol addition raises the vapor pressure of gasoline, although in a nonlinear fashion. ETBE increased the mid-range volatility of the fuel, in the same way as a pure hydrocarbon of similar vapor pressure and boiling point.

Researchers at the Powertrain Control Research Laboratory (PCRL) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have developed a transient test system for single-cylinder engines that accurately replicates the dynamics of a multi-cylinder engine. The overall system can perform very rapid transients in excess of 10,000 rpm/second, and also replicates the rotational dynamics, intake gas dynamics, and heat transfer dynamics of a multi-cylinder engine. Testing results using this system accurately represent what would be found in the multi-cylinder engine counterpart. Therefore, engine developments can be refined to a much greater degree at lower cost, and these changes directly incorporated in the multi-cylinder engine with minimal modification. More importantly, various standardized emission tests such as the cold-start, FTP or ETC, can be run on this single-cylinder engine.

In the research of lightweighting solutions, the use of CFRP has dramatically increased during the last two decades to represent today about 50 percent of the materials used in the recent commercial aircrafts. However designers are still facing the challenge to accelerate the insertion of new materials for applications. One of the main challenge concerns the reduction of the material certification time which relies only on experimental procedure. Globally speaking, there is a need for a material definition and certification in a numerical form to meet platform requirement and that allows to reduce cost and development time of new material by replacing manual tests with advanced simulation. A comprehensive simulation process is then proposed and described. This process allows to define a complete test matrix in order to generate B-basis allowable for a given material system. Several aspects have to be considered.

Many safety regulations in the automotive engineering use impactor testing (e.g. FMVSS201 in the US; Pedestrian Protection, ECE-R21, proposal for EEVC WG13 in Europe) in the certification process. Through the increasing demand for very short development times virtual engineering has become an inevitable tool. We show a complete virtual development process for the Free-Motion-Headform (FMH) regulation (FMVSS201u), where we use a combination of self-developed and standard software. The process starts with the definition of the target-points, the possible and allowed positioning of the FMH, the detection of worst case angles, the automated generation of section cuts, the Finite-Elements (FE) analysis and the web based documentation of the results. Our self-developed tools play an important role in the FMH-positioning/worst case detection area as well as in the result analysis and documentation.

Viking 29 is being built under a U.S. Department of Energy contract by the Vehicle Research Institute (VRI) at Western Washington University and JX Crystals of Issaquah, WA to demonstrate a thermophotovoltaic (TPV) generator. The 10 kW TPV generator being developed for use in a vehicle makes use of gallium antimonide (GaSb) photovoltaic (PV) cells surrounding a central emitter heated by a compressed natural gas flame to 1700 Kelvin. The infrared photons generated activate the PV cells to produce electricity which maintains a charge in the battery. Preliminary emission testing has shown that this generator is 50 times cleaner than an equivalent internal combustion engine (ICE).

Since 1992 (for one vehicle since 1989) MTC has regularly performed emission tests on some vehicles equipped with closed-loop lambda-regulated Otto engines and catalysts. The vehicles are passenger cars of different kinds and emission control ""generations."" They are standard vehicles fulfilling Swedish A12 emission control limits, later on the EU emission limits. Some of them are also certified according to Swedish environmental class 1 and 2. The most advanced vehicle tested is certified according to US ULEV regulations. The vehicles with the highest mileage have been followed for more than 250,000 km with tests at yearly intervals. The vehicles were in the beginning tested according to the test cycle to which they were certified. Later on, other test cycles and steady-state tests were applied to the vehicles, as well as cold start tests at -7°C.

As model-based systems engineering is proliferating throughout the aerospace industry as a method to manage the development of complex cyber-physical systems, opportunities to leverage formal methods for verification and validation purposes are significant. As a system model described in SysML can contain the level of semantics required to define strict system requirements, it is possible to create a translation tool to generate SRL (SADL (Semantic Application Design Language) Requirements Language) to leverage ASSERT™ (Analysis of Semantic Specifications and Efficient generation of requirements-based Tests) for verification and validation of the system requirements. SADL [13] is a controlled English grammar that translates directly into OWL (Web Ontology Language) [14]. As part of the validation of the SRL requirements, ASSERT™ leverages a theorem prover to look for conflict and completeness errors.

The ARP shall cover the objectives and activities of Verification & Vallidation Processes required to assure high quality and/or criticality level of an IVHM Systems and Software.

Due to the constant need of improvement of the national vehicles, seeking the attendance to the legal limits of vehicular emissions, defined by CONAMA, AEA - Brazilian Association of Automotive Engineering, through its Technical Commission of Accreditation of Laboratories of Emissions, together with INMETRO, coordinated an wide proficiency testing. This correlation involved all the national emission laboratories, which consisted of performing complete of exhaust emission tests, according to brazilian standards ABNT NBR 6601/2001 and NBR 12026/2002. The objective of this work is the presentation of the obtained results and the demonstration of the current quality of the national laboratories.

The Environmental Protection Agency published a paper in November of 1985 (“Study of Gasoline Volatility and Hydrocarbon Emissions from Motor Vehicles”, EPA-AA-SDSB-85-5) suggesting that the evaporative emission test fuel be modified to reflect current “in-use” fuel characteristics. It was shown that higher evaporative emissions resulted from current vehicles when tested on higher RVP fuels. Vehicle tank fuel volatility decreases as the lighter ends in the fuel evaporate. As fuel is used in vehicle operation, the remainder in the tank becomes less volatile. The evaporative emission test procedure specifies that the test be conducted with the tank at 40% of capacity. At this level, one would expect the fuel to have “weathered” and be of less volatility than originally dispensed. This factor was not included in the EPA data.

A 4 wheeled vehicle with X-split brake configuration, in hydraulic circuit failed condition will have a behavior of induced sway due to braking force variation in the front and rear diagonally. With increasing vehicle speed, engine power & customer expectations, the situation becomes more critical and challenging in designing a brake system which caters in meeting the homologation requirement at an expense of vehicle sway within controllable limits of driver / customer. This paper proposes a novel approach & methodology to overcome the above situation by predicting the effect of brake force distribution variation on the vehicle swaying behavior during circuit failed braking condition. This study will quantify vehicle sway, caused due to imbalance in brake force distribution during a circuit failed braking event on X Split configuration vehicles.