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Herein Dr. Dickinson reviews briefly the causes leading to birth of the Cooperative Fuel Research, the appointment of the joint steering committee to confer on program and pass upon results, the progress made in the several phases of the work, and the projects now engaging attention. An outstanding feature has been the development of harmony and cooperation among engineers of the petroleum and the automotive industries. Mutual adaptation of the fuel and the engine to each other has been the guiding principle in the work, to the end of National economy and internal-combustion engine efficiency. Projects undertaken include the determination of the grade of gasoline that affords the maximum number of car-miles per barrel of crude oil; the causes of and remedies for crankcase-oil dilution; the effect of initial volatility on starting, acceleration and general behavior of the engine; and measurement of the detonating characteristics of a fuel.

AFTER stating the three qualifications that should be possessed by a fuel-testing engine as (α) universality, (b) ruggedness and (c) low cost, the way in which all are met is outlined. The construction of the original engine is described in some detail and a table of dimensions of the more important parts given. Refinements that were developed as a result of work with the original engine in the last 2 years affect water-jacketing, condenser-coil location and accessibility of certain parts. To overcome objections raised as a result of actual experience in fuel testing by members of the Cooperative Fuel-Research Committee, the engine has been recently redesigned to include a variable-compression cylinder, a modified centrifugal type of water pump and magneto-ignition. These changes are described and the reasons for their incorporation in the engine are stated. Illustrations and drawings showing various stages in the development of the engine supplement the text.

Another step in the development of electric vehicles has been completed by the Copper Development Association Inc. with the construction of a two-passenger, electrically-powered automobile. This paper describes the engineering and development of this vehicle, which was designed from the ground up to be electrically powered.

The automobile directional control system is not easily simplified and the description of its design or engineering properties has necessarily been complex. In this paper, a concept for combining vehicle design parameters into two terms, and rear cornering compliance, is proposed. Analysis and simulation results are presented to illustrate the correspondence between the front and rear cornering compliance parameters and vehicle steady state and transient responses. The results indicate that the cornering compliance approach is reasonably accurate, easily understood and complementary to existing directional control theory and conventions.

The operation theory and implementation in a prototype of the Coronel Positively Infinitely Variable Transmission ("CEPIVT") is reported. The CEPIVT, through U.S. Patent 5,716,652, introduces the "Coronel Effect" gearset, with a single first gear engaging with a independently driven second gear. By changing the angle of rotation of the first gear the angular velocity of the second gear is changed. This change in angular velocity will form a resultant velocity between the two gears causing the receiving gear to produce a true, all geared, bi-directional, variable transmission. Implementation of this concept in the prototype is presented through a report of construction.

Ford Motor Company has developed an inhouse computerized database of product and technical data as an information utility for product and manufacturing engineers and business and marketing analysts. The Corporate Technical Information System (CTIS) is interactive, user friendly, up-to-date, and low cost. CTIS is designed to complement commercial information services. The menu driven program gives users access to IS files including automotive periodical abstracts, vehicle dimensional data, EPA fuel economy data. SAE paper abstracts since 1966, and worldwide materials standards. Searching is done through User defined keywords using Boolean logic to create individual search strategies. CTIS has been used by Ford personnel worldwide since early 1985. Future developments may include offering CTIS to vendors or components and services to Ford Motor Company.

This paper will discuss a brief history of corporate aviation, identify the primary advantages of aviation to the business community, will identify several current trends having a profound effect upon business transportation, and will discuss the impact of aviation upon corporate transportation, including the influence of the jet age. It will identify the problems and constraints confronting fixed-wing corporate air transportation and will identify which of these problems are amenable to solution by rotorcraft, and review the growth of the corporate/executive market in use of aircraft and rotorcraft. General characteristics of some of the most commonly used business helicopters are reviewed, including those expected to be in use in the period 1970-1975.

In this paper, multi-disciplinary design optimization (MDO) analysis is applied into the virtual vehicle design process of a new vehicle (XYZ) of Guangzhou Automobile Group Co. (GAC). To conduct the MDO analysis, a meta-model is built by using the response surface methods (RSM). Due to the fast-changing nature of automotive body design, the Pareto frontier is calculated to conduct multiple optimized cases with different performance constraints to provide flexible choices to support the complicate decision-making process of body design. Later, this character of Pareto frontier is founded useful to deal with the uncertainties introduced by the errors of RSM when compared to their corresponding confirmation runs done by finite element analyses (FEA). Furthermore, an iteration process is developed to ensure the convergence of the global Pareto frontier.

An experimental investigation into punch forces during a sheet metal stamping operation was performed for a sheet metal stamping die with a flexible blankholder and adjustable drawbeads. Tests were performed for various combinations of blankholder force and drawbead positions. Punch forces were measured using an instrumented punch and wrinkling in the sheet flange was measured during the forming processes using non-contact proximity sensors located near the blankholder edge. The results were correlated with those of the punch forces. Additionally, using a wrinkle criterion based upon part quality, an operating envelope for the die system was obtained and the relation between drawdepth, drawbead penetration, and blankholder forces was developed for the die system.

Simulation-based tolerance analysis is the accepted standard for dimensional engineering in aerospace today. Sophisticated 3D model-based tolerance analysis processes enable engineers to measure variation in complex, often large, assembled products quickly and accurately. Best-in-class manufacturers have adopted Quality Intelligence Management tools for collecting and consolidating this measurement data. Their goal is to completely understand dimensional fit characteristics and quality status before commencing the build process. This results in shorter launch cycles, improved process capabilities, reduced scrap and less production downtime. This paper describes how to use simulation-based approaches to correlate the theoretical tolerance analysis results produced during engineering simulations to actual as-built results. This allows engineers to validate or adjust as-designed simulation parameters to more closely align to production process capabilities.

Simulation-based tolerance analysis is the accepted standard for dimensional engineering in aerospace today. Sophisticated 3D model-based tolerance analysis processes enable engineers to measure variation in complex, often large, assembled products quickly and accurately. Best-in-class manufacturers have adopted Quality Intelligence Management tools for collecting and consolidating this measurement data. Their goal is to completely understand dimensional fit characteristics and quality status before commencing the build process. This results in shorter launch cycles, improved process capabilities, reduced scrap and less production downtime. This paper describes how to use simulation-based approaches to correlate the theoretical tolerance analysis results produced during engineering simulations to actual as-built results. This allows engineers to validate or adjust as-designed simulation parameters to more closely align to production process capabilities.

IT is the purpose of this paper to present a chart by means of which the vapor-locking characteristics of a gasoline (represented by a curve showing the quantity of vapor formed as a function of the temperature) can be estimated with moderate accuracy for gasolines in the current commercial distillation ranges from the conventional Reid vapor pressure and A.S.T.M. distillation tests on the gasoline. Interpretation and consolidation of car data are facilitated by means of the chart and, in this respect, vapor-lock test data are given for eight 1934, eleven 1935, and several 1936 model cars. The use of the chart and car data is illustrated by a group of sample problems which are specially designed to show the degree of assurance that may be placed on the use of either Reid vapor pressure or A.S.T.M. 10 per cent point alone as a criterion of vapor lock. The problem of evaporation losses from the fuel system, which can be roughly treated by means of the chart, is also discussed briefly.

Performance measures such as static roll stability, rearward amplification and load transfer ratio are a means to assess the engineering performance of heavy vehicles and to support truck size and weight policy decisions. It was expected that, for a particular vehicle configuration, there would be some degree of correlation between the various performance attributes. For example, a relatively high static roll stability may be associated with a relatively low load transfer ratio, at least within a particular vehicle configuration. In terms of developing performance measures such correlations are of great significance because (i) the number of performance attributes requiring specification may be reduced and (ii) potential conflicts between performance criteria in different attributes may be avoided. This type of analysis has not been carried out before, and requires a large database of performance numerics in order to determine relationships between each of the performance attributes.

A study was made on the nature of the weld interface obtained in resistance welding of component leads used in electronic packages. To this end an investigation was made comparing the microstructure, microhardness, and microchemistry of a variety of cross wire resistance welds. Specifically, the investigation concerned itself with the variations in microhardness, and microchemistry at and near the weld interface as a function of metallographic structure, distance from the interface, and type of material being welded. This study will help answer such questions as the amount of diffusion of one weld component into another, the effects of welding on the mechanical properties near and adjacent to the weld, and provide for a more intelligent interpretation of the variety of microstructures that have been observed. The results of this work can be summarized as follows: 1. There is little or no diffusion of one material into the other.

Fifty-six ride tests of class 8 COE vehicles were conducted. Linear correlation was investigated between subjective jury ratings and each of 12 objective ride measures that were calculated from vertical and longitudinal cab acceleration measurements. Ninety-five percent confidence band-widths and correlation coefficients were used to compare the correlation of each ride measure to the jury ratings. The ride measure defined as: had the highest correlation, while the unweighted longitudinal rms acceleration correlated only slightly less well. Significantly lower correlation was obtained for the ride measures investigated containing longitudinal Absorbed Power or ISO weighted longitudinal rms acceleration. No significant degree of correlation was obtained for unweighted vertical rms acceleration, vertical Absorbed Power, or ISO weighted vertical rms acceleration.

The performance of elastomeric radial lip seals for rotating shafts and hub applications can be correlated to the texture of the wear track on both trimmed and molded sealing lips. Seals with rough wear tracks have an abundance of microasperities that provide good pump rates and excellent service reliability. Seals with smooth wear tracks have no microasperities, poor pump rates and poor service reliability. The pumping ability of seals with smooth wear tracks can be enhanced for a short time by artificially roughening the wear tracks. Pumping ability and service reliability can be improved by changing elastomeric material formulations to provide microasperities in the wear track.

At The Queen's University of Belfast there has been, for some twenty years, a continuing program of research into scavenging flow in two-stroke cycle engines, recently using a single-cycle gas scavenging apparatus. This apparatus has been demonstrated to give accurate assessments of the scavenging efficiencies of such engine cylinders. The apparatus utilises a constant volume, isothermal flow process in the experimental simulation of the scavenging flow and, as many of the classic theories of scavenging are similarly formulated, this provides a unique opportunity to compare theory and experiment on the basis of equality of procedure. This paper presents experimental data for the scavenging characteristics of uniflow-, loop-and cross-scavenged two-stroke engine cylinders and compares the measurements with the classic theories of scavenging as presented by others in the literature.

From May, 1977 to May, 1978, the Transportation Centre, University of Saskatchewan conducted four surveys to determine seatbelt usage rates in Saskatchewan. The surveys were conducted prior to and after, the passage of a law on July 1, 1977, requiring seatbelt use by front seat occupants of motor vehicles. The surveys were conducted at sampling stations on urban streets, provincial highways and municipal roads. The results of the May, 1978 survey were analyzed to determine what relationships exist between usage rates and various vehicle characteristics. Usage rates when examined using cross-tabulations appeared higher for certain types of vehicles: compact or sub-compact vehicles, foreign models, etc. However, when the data was analyzed using multiple regression techniques, only the year of vehicle manufacture showed a consistently high level of significance.

Lunar and planetary programs have entered the surface exploration research phase. In this phase, considerable emphasis is needed on high mobility vehicle configurations, reliability and high efficiency, low weight electrochemical energy converters, and electric traction power systems. This research, in many cases, is applicable to solving future mobility problems on earth. Three areas of current lunar and terrestrial research are discussed and analyzed, and the correlative advantages to those working in both fields are highlighted. The three areas are; (1) high mobility vehicle configurations; (2) electrochemical energy converters; and (3) electric traction power systems.

Samples of painted cold rolled and galvanized steel have been exposed to laboratory cyclic and salt spray tests, accelerated outdoor exposure in Florida, and on a vehicle in Detroit. Samples have been evaluated visually and by scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analysis. Galvanized steel performed better than cold rolled steel in all but the salt spray test. Some of the factors influencing the spread of corrosion beneath a paint film have been identified.