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This paper describes a reference steering feel tracking algorithm for Electric-Power-Steering (EPS) system. Development of the EPS system with intended steering feel has been time-consuming procedure, because the feedforward map-based method has been applied to the conventional EPS system. However, in this study, a three-dimensional reference steering feel surface, which is determined from current vehicle states, is proposed. In order to track the proposed reference steering feel surface, sliding mode approach is applied to second-order steering dynamics model considering a coulomb friction model. An adaptive technique is utilized for robustness against uncertainties. In order to validate the proposed EPS control algorithm, hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) has been conducted with respect to a typical steering test. It is shown that the reference steering feel is realized well by the proposed EPS control algorithm.

Improving fuel efficiency and emission characteristics are significant issues in engine research. Because the engine has complex systems and various operating parameters, the experimental research is limited by cost and time. One-dimensional (1D) simulation has attracted the attention of researchers because of its effectiveness and relatively high accuracy. In a 1D simulation, the applied model must be accurate for the reliability of the simulation results. Because in-cylinder turbulence mainly determines the combustion characteristics, and mean flow velocity affects the in-cylinder heat transfer and efficiency in a spark-ignited (SI) engine, a number of sophisticated models have been developed to predict in-cylinder turbulence and mean flow velocity. In particular, tumble is a significant factor of in-cylinder turbulence in SI engine.

This paper aims to establish a systematic process of developing a brand driving sound. Firstly, principal factors of a brand sound identity are extracted from factor analysis of many sample cars. As a result, brand sound positioning map is drawn using jury test data. Also, the multiple regression analysis of subjective and objective test results is carried. As a result, the principal factors are expressed by objective test data and brand sound positioning map can be easily updated from the measurement data. In addition, what should be improved for designing a target sound is reviewed. Secondly, various technologies of target sound design are discussed to involve the brand identity and vehicle’s character in driving sound. Also, an efficient tool to implement the target sound with an active sound design (ASD) system in a vehicle is introduced. This tool enables to efficiently design, tune and simulate a target sound for ASD system in a laboratory.

This paper proposes a new screening attenuation evaluation method (PHSA) for hybrid power cables. Hybrid power cables connect battery, inverter and motor. As the noise and shield characteristics of these cables are different from general communication shield wires, new method for evaluating screening attenuation is needed. We considered the radiation direction, noise current path and various load terminations to evaluate the screening attenuation which is different from standard screening attenuation measurement. Feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method were verified with real experiment results.

The goal of this study is to develop an actively translating rear diffuser device to reduce the aerodynamic drag experienced by passenger cars. The feature of this device is hidden under the rear bumper ordinarily not to ruin the external design of the car and slips out backward under the high-speed driving condition. By this study, a movable arc-shaped semi-diffuser device is designed to maintain the streamlined automobile rear underbody configuration. It's installed under the rear bumper of a passenger car. Seven types of rear diffuser devices whose positions, slid out lengths and widths are differing with the basic shape installed in the rear bumper section of a passenger car and performed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses under rotating wheel and moving ground conditions. The main purpose of this study is that explains the aerodynamic drag reduction mechanism of a passenger car via an actively translating rear diffuser device at a high speed driving condition.

The role of 1D simulation tool is growing as the engine system is becoming more complex with the adoption of a variety of new technologies. For the reliability of the 1D simulation results, it is necessary to improve the accuracy and applicability of the combustion model implemented in the 1D simulation tool. Since the combustion process in SI engine is mainly determined by the turbulence, many models have been concentrating on the prediction of the evolution of in-cylinder turbulence intensity. In this study, two turbulence models which can resemble the turbulence intensity close to that of 3D CFD tool were utilized. The first model is dedicated to predicting the evolution of turbulence intensity during intake and compression strokes so that the turbulence intensity at the spark timing can be estimated properly. The second model is responsible for predicting the turbulence intensity of burned and unburned zone during the combustion process.

This paper presents a longitudinal control algorithm for an adaptive cruise control (ACC) with collision avoidance (CA) in multiple vehicle traffic situations. The proposed algorithm consists of a multi-target tracking filter, a primary target selection algorithm and an integrated ACC/CA system. The multi-target tracking filter is used to smooth the sensor signal, and makes it possible to apply to a control system. The primary target selection algorithm decides an in-lane target and provides the information to an integrated ACC/CA system in order to drive a subject vehicle smoothly and improve safety in complex traffic situations. Finally, the integrated ACC/CA system computes the desired acceleration. The performance and safety benefits of the multi-vehicle ACC/CA system is investigated via simulations using real data on driving. Simulation results show that the response of multi-vehicle ACC/CA system is more smooth and safer at a change of traffic situations.

As the number of user selectable electrical modules increases for passenger car, the number of cars with different combinations of option can easily exceed 100,000 cars. It results to a situation where we can not manually verify all the logical connection by making wiring combinations for each car. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that can reduce verification time for all possible wiring with available option combinations. The algorithm separates the whole wiring circuits into independent circuits and verifies the logical connections for each independent circuit with all possible options. The algorithm is time effective so the required time to verify the connections increases logarithmically as the number of possible car increases. The algorithm was implemented as software verification tool and its effectiveness was proved to be feasible.

The technical feasibility of applying anaerobic digestion for reduction and stabilization of the organic fraction of solid wastes generated during space missions was investigated. This process has the advantages of not requiring oxygen or high temperature and pressure while producing methane, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and compost as valuable products. High-solids leachbed anaerobic digestion employed here involves a solid-phase fermentation with leachate recycle between new and old reactors for inoculation, wetting, and removal of volatile organic acids during startup. After anaerobic conversion is complete, the compost bed may be used for biofiltration and plant growth medium. The nutrient-rich leachate may also be used as a vehicle for nutrient recycle. Physical properties of representative waste feedstocks were determined to evaluate their space requirements and hydraulic leachability in the selected digester design.

Ground systems in automobiles become more important as more electric devices are installed and the amount of currents flowing increases. The performance of the devices depends on the ground voltage, which is generated between ground points by I-R voltage drops. Therefore, low ground voltages are required for the reduction of the unnecessary power dissipation as well as the reliable performance of the devices. In this paper, we propose an automotive ground system model to analyze ground structure and reveal the main cause of ground voltages. The equivalent resistor network model is presented to describe the relationship between ground points. Then, we validate the model by comparing the simulation results with the measurements in a real car. The presented analysis can provide guidance on designing a reliable ground system such as how to reduce the ground voltages for the proper operation of devices.

Exterior shape of automobile can be represented by shape function through this study so that aerodynamic shape parameters can be easily controlled and changed. Also ordinary geometric information can be extracted easily from shape function model by simple calculations. It is possible to predict the aerodynamic performance of functional virtual car models which are transformed continually by developing automated program in initial design stage that includes all of above process. Innovative vehicle design process with exterior design guide will be proposed for stylist, engineer and packaging department in order to achieve low aerodynamic drag and high fuel efficiency targets.

Discomfort models play a significant role in ergonomic simulation. More detailed and specific discomfort models are required for older drivers who represent the fastest-growing segment of the driving population. Owing to the physical degradation, various biomechanical discomfort factors should be incorporated into the model to properly evaluate discomfort for the older population group. In this experimental study we attempted to identify and quantify biomechanical factors that affect the older drivers' discomfort ratings. Different egress motion strategies (e.g., with and without using assist devices) were designed to induce various physical activities. The corresponding discomfort ratings were then produced. From the kinematic analysis using a digital human body model with reconstructed egress motion, the hip abduction was found to have the most statistically significant effect on the discomfort rating.

This paper presents a closed-loop evaluation of the Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) systems using a vehicle simulator. Human driver-VSC interactions have been investigated under realistic operating conditions in the laboratory. Braking control inputs for vehicle stability enhancement have been directly derived from the sliding control law based on vehicle planar motion equations with differential braking. A driving simulator which consists of a three-dimensional vehicle dynamic model, interface between human driver and vehicle simulator, three-dimensional animation program and a visual display has been validated using actual vehicle driving test data. Real-time human-in-the loop simulation results in realistic driving situations have shown that the proposed controller reduces driving effort and enhances vehicle stability.

This paper presents a methodology of trajectory planning for the surrounding-aware lane change maneuver of autonomous vehicles based on a data-driven method. The lateral motion is planned by sampling candidate patterns which are defined based on quintic polynomial functions over time. Based on the cost evaluation among the sampled candidates, the optimal lateral motion pattern is selected as a reference and tracked by the controller. The longitudinal motion is planned and controlled using Model Predictive Control (MPC) which is an optimal control method designed considering the surrounding traffic information. To realize the lane change motion similar to the human driving behavior in the surrounding traffic situation, the human driving pattern is modeled in the form of motion parameters and considered in planning the lateral and longitudinal motion.

Two-mode hybrid architectures with three planetary gear sets and four clutches will bring both flexibility and complexity to energy management of powertrains. In order to take full advantage of the increased degrees of freedom, highly delicate operation strategies are needed. We develop transmission efficiency models for power-split modes, and present a mode shift strategy assuming no battery power. When battery load leveling is additionally considered, the respective optimal operation set for each mode can be obtained and compared to yield a mode shift algorithm for general hybrid operation situations. The investigation of the strategies shows how frequently each mode is used, and verifies the effectiveness of fixed gear operations. We check the validity of the strategies by applying the algorithm to dynamic optimization and by predicting how it works during an actual driving simulation.

This paper describes a failsafe system of automated driving vehicles. The failsafe system consists of the following two parts: sliding mode observer-based environment sensor, chassis sensor fault detection, and emergency deceleration control. Two sliding mode observers are designed to reconstruct the fault of acceleration and environment sensor(Lidar) in a longitudinal direction. In the environment sensor's fault detection part, the longitudinal vehicle model receives clearance and relative velocity values. Therefore, failure diagnosis is possible regardless of environmental sensors, such as radar, lidar, and camera. This paper's sensor data is the failure of Delphi's Electronically Scanning Radar (ESR) and Ibeo's LUX Lidar installed in an autonomous vehicle. The emergency deceleration control algorithm employs the sliding mode control with adaptive convergence time. In the event of a failure, it is significant to control the vehicle within a short period safely.

This paper describes the ground system model and algorithm for a ground level simulation tool. First, the modeling of an automotive ground system will be discussed and the algorithm for a simulation tool will be explained. We divided the model into a ground tree and a ground body. The ground tree model consists of resistance formed by the wires that connect the load to ground point with various structures and the ground body model consists of resistance between ground points in the car body. The wires with large current, such as engine ground cable, was modeled in detail by dividing the resistance into wire, bolt, and clamping resistance, in order to simulate the effect of increased contact resistance after durability test. The algorithm of the ground level simulation tool was designed to adjust the currents of the alternator, battery, and ground points in order to evaluate the various driving and load conditions.

A module based IPS (Intelligent Power Switch) evaluation system is proposed in this paper. As the IPS is gradually replacing the conventional relay and fuses, the stability and reliability of power system depends more on these IPS. The proposed IPS evaluation system outperforms the conventional manual evaluation in terms of speed and efficiency. This paper will introduce the structure of hardware and software of the IPS evaluation system. The system is placed between the module and cable connector to evaluate the module in an operating car without changing the cables. The control and signal processing is carried out by personal computer which is connected to the evaluation system by USB (Universal Serial Bus). The load resistance can be switch from actual load to arbitrary value using relay circuitry and DC electric load controlled by GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus). CAN (Controller Area Network) circuits were added to control the IPS mounted inside the module.

The powertrain of an automatic transmission has a wide operating range in speed, torque and temperature while driving. It is necessary to know them to achieve good shift quality in various operating conditions without tuning the parameters of the shift quality controller. All but the torque sensor is installed in the automatic transmission because of its high cost. In this study, a more precise algorithm is suggested for estimating turbine torque using a neural network model that has three inputs, i.e., engine speed, turbine speed and temperature. The performance of the suggested turbine torque estimation algorithm is validated through experimental results. To utilize the estimated turbine torque in shift control, a shift control algorithm, which shows good shift quality in various operating conditions, is developed.

In this study, the spalling issue in ball-type Constant Velocity Joints (CVJ) was investigated. As one of the most common types of outboard CVJ, a ball-type CVJ has spalling problems caused by fatigue at the internal contact points. It causes noise and vibration in vehicles, which results in CVJ failures. This study provides a spalling-estimation model for a ball-type CVJ, which was developed by the following five steps. First, the relative coordinates of the internal contact points between each component were established by forward kinematics. Second, the acting forces were calculated according to the results of the relative coordinate analyses and the vehicle driving conditions, and then normal pressure at the contact points was derived by Hertz contact theory. Third, the maximum sliding speeds at the contact points were also calculated using slip motion analyses. These normal pressure and maximum sliding speeds were used to estimate the shear stresses at the contact points.