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(This document supersedes and cancels AIR 12) 'Ground resonance' is a term which originated in the early days of autogiro development in this country. It is a somewhat ambiguous term as the conditions it describes usually occur at the ground but do not have any association with the common expression 'ground effect'. However, the troubles usually associated with 'ground resonance' do occur when the ship is on or near the ground.

This document is reissued for application to helicopters. It is primarily intended to apply to the engine or engines, but it shall also apply to fire protection of lines, tanks, combustion heaters, and auxiliary powerplants (APU). Post-crash fire protection is also discussed.

This document is reissued for application to helicopters.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) defines the helicopter bleed air requirements which may be obtained through compressor extraction and is intended as a guide to engine designers.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) defines the helicopter bleed air requirements which may be obtained through compressor extraction and is intended as a guide to engine designers.

A tested method of data presentation and use is described herein. The method shown is a useful guide, to be used with care and to be improved with use.

A tested method of data presentation and use is described herein. The method shown is a useful guide, to be used with care and to be improved with use.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) identifies Propulsion EngineerÕs recommendations for the instrumentation that is required for the safe operation and maintenance of turbine engines as installed in helicopters. It should be used as a guide for cockpit layout, as well as a reference for maintenance considerations throughout the propulsion area. Propulsion instruments should receive attention early in the design phase of the helicopter. Maintenance and diagnostics recorders are not considered within the scope of this document. (See ARP1587, "Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Monitoring System Guide".)

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) identifies Propulsion Engineer’s recommendations for the instrumentation that is required for the safe operation and maintenance of turbine engines as installed in helicopters. It should be used as a guide for cockpit layout, as well as a reference for maintenance considerations throughout the propulsion area. Propulsion instruments should receive attention early in the design phase of the helicopter. Maintenance and diagnostics recorders are not considered within the scope of this document. (See ARP1587, “Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Monitoring System Guide”.)

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) identifies and defines a method of measuring those factors affecting installed power available for helicopter power plants. These factors are installation losses, accessory power extraction, and operation effects. Accurate determination of these factors is vital in the calculation of helicopter performance as described in the flight manual. It is intended that the methods herein prescribe and define each factor as well as an approach to measuring said factor. Only standard installations of turboshaft engines in helicopters are considered. Special arrangements leading to high installation losses, such as the fitting of an infrared suppressor may require individual techniques for the determination and definition of engine installation losses.

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) identifies and defines a method of measuring those factors affecting installed power available for helicopter powerplants. These factors are installation losses, accessory power extraction, and operational effects. Accurate determination of these factors is vital in the calculation of helicopter performance as described in the RFM. It is intended that the methods presented herein prescribe and define each factor as well as an approach to measuring said factor. Only basic installations of turboshaft engines in helicopters are considered. Although the methods described may apply in principle to other configurations that lead to more complex installation losses, such as an inlet particle separator, inlet barrier filter (with or without a bypass system), or infrared suppressor, specialized or individual techniques may be required in these cases for the determination and definition of engine installation losses.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) outlines a recommended procedure for evaluation of the vibration environment to which the gas turbine engine powerplant is subjected in the helicopter installation. This analysis of engine vibration is normally demonstrated on a one-time basis upon initial certification, or after a major modification, of an engine/helicopter configuration. This AIR deals with linear vibration as measured on the basic case structure of the engine and not, for example, torsional vibration in drive shafting or vibration of a component within the engine such as a compressor or turbine airfoil. In summary, this AIR discusses the engine manufacturer’s "Installation Test Code" aspects of engine vibration and proposes an appropriate measurement method.

This Aerospace Information Report deals with protection of helicopter aircraft engines against erosion. Applicability is restricted to aircraft having a disc loading of less than 15 pounds per square foot.

The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Information Report is to disseminate qualitative information regarding foreign object damage (FOD) to gas turbine engines used to power helicopters and to discuss methods of preventing FOD. Although turbine-powered, fixed-wing aircraft are also subject to FOD, the unique ability of the helicopter to hover above, takeoff from, and land on unprepared areas creates a special need for a separate treatment of this subject as applied to rotary-winged aircraft.