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This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for measuring the forces and moments generated at a high frequency response spindle when a rolling tire impacts a cleat. The cleat is configured either with its crest perpendicular, 90°, to the path of the tire or optionally with its crest inclined at an angle to the path of the tire. The carriage to which the spindle is attached is rigidly constrained in position during each test condition so as to provide a good approximation to fixed loaded radius operation. The method discussed in this document provides impact force and moment time histories essentially free from variations due to tire non-uniformities. The method applies to any size tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for measuring the forces and moments generated at a spindle when a tire rolls over a rectangular obstacle, cleat, at very low speed. The cleat used in a particular test condition is configured with its crest either perpendicular, 90°, to the path of the tire or optionally with its crest inclined at an angle to the path of the tire. The carriage to which the spindle is attached is rigidly constrained in position during each test condition so as to provide a good approximation to fixed loaded radius operation. The method discussed in this document provides cleat envelopment force and moment and tire angular position histories as functions of distance traveled. These histories are essentially free from variations due to tire non-uniformities. The method applies to any size tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for measuring the forces and moments generated at a spindle when a tire rolls over a rectangular obstacle, cleat, at very low speed. The cleat used in a particular test condition is configured with its crest either perpendicular, 90 degrees, to the path of the tire or optionally with its crest inclined at an angle to the path of the tire. The carriage to which the spindle is attached is rigidly constrained in position during each test condition so as to provide a good approximation to fixed loaded radius operation. The method discussed in this document provides cleat envelopment force and moment and tire angular position histories as functions of distance traveled. These histories are essentially free from variations due to tire non-uniformities. The method applies to any size tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for measuring the forces and moments generated at a spindle when a tire rolls over a rectangular obstacle, cleat, at very low speed. The cleat used in a particular test condition is configured with its crest either perpendicular, 90 degrees, to the path of the tire or optionally with its crest inclined at an angle to the path of the tire. The carriage to which the spindle is attached is rigidly constrained in position during each test condition so as to provide a good approximation to fixed loaded radius operation. The method discussed in this document provides cleat envelopment force and moment and tire angular position histories as functions of distance traveled. These histories are essentially free from variations due to tire non-uniformities. The method applies to any size tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes test methods for measuring and identifying the natural frequencies for the lower order modes of an inflated radial tire with a fixed spindle while expending modest effort and employing a minimum of test equipment. The methods apply to any size of radial tire so long as the test equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. Two types of boundary conditions are considered for the tire: unloaded and loaded against a flat surface. The test involves the performance and measurement of an input vibratory force (excitation) to the tire and the corresponding vibratory output (response). The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development. NOTE 1—The focus of this standard is identification and reporting of the lower order natural frequencies of the tire using a simple test procedure.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes test methods for measuring and identifying the natural frequencies for the lower order modes of an inflated radial tire with a fixed spindle while expending modest effort and employing a minimum of test equipment. The methods apply to any size of radial tire so long as the test equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. Two types of boundary conditions are considered for the tire: unloaded and loaded against a flat surface. The test involves the performance and measurement of an input vibratory force (excitation) to the tire and the corresponding vibratory output (response). The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development. NOTE 1—The focus of this standard is identification and reporting of the lower order natural frequencies of the tire using a simple test procedure.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes test methods for measuring and identifying the natural frequencies for the lower order modes of an inflated radial tire with a fixed spindle while expending modest effort and employing a minimum of test equipment. The methods apply to any size of radial tire so long as the test equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. Two types of boundary conditions are considered for the tire: unloaded and loaded against a flat surface. The test involves the performance and measurement of an input vibratory force (excitation) to the tire and the corresponding vibratory output (response). The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes an evaluation procedure for validating tire models for use in road load simulations and assesses the relevant dynamic behavior of tires. The laboratory test utilized is a “cleat” test, where a rolling tire on a drum encounters a cleat and the resulting dynamic forces and moments are measured. This test is described in SAE J2730, “Dynamic Cleat Test with Perpendicular and Inclined Cleats”. The test is commonly used to identify tire model parameters. In this recommended practice, requirements for the measurement of the tire’s response are described along with data processing techniques and calculations used to quantitatively compare the tire model’s calculated response to the tire’s response measured on test. This recommended practice addresses both the tire model structure and its parameters.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes an evaluation procedure for validating tire models for use in road load simulations and assesses the relevant dynamic behavior of tires. The laboratory test utilized is a “cleat” test, where a rolling tire on a drum encounters a cleat and the resulting dynamic forces and moments are measured. This test is described in SAE J2730, “Dynamic Cleat Test with Perpendicular and Inclined Cleats”. The test is commonly used to identify tire model parameters. In this recommended practice, requirements for the measurement of the tire’s response are described along with data processing techniques and calculations used to quantitatively compare the tire model’s calculated response to the tire’s response measured on test. This recommended practice addresses both the tire model structure and its parameters.

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a rating scale for subjective evaluation of vehicle handling. The scale is applicable for the evaluation of specific vehicle handling properties in specific maneuvers on the proving grounds and highways. The validity of the evaluation is restricted to the individual handling disciplines defined by these maneuvers and to the particular combination of conditions of the vehicle (e.g., equipment, degree of maintenance) and of the environment (e.g., road, weather). This document is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances.

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a rating scale for subjective evaluation of vehicle handling. The scale is applicable for the evaluation of specific vehicle handling properties in specific maneuvers on the proving grounds and highways. The validity of the evaluation is restricted to the individual handling disciplines defined by these maneuvers and to the particular combination of conditions of the vehicle (e.g., equipment, degree of maintenance) and of the environment (e.g., road, weather). This document is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances.

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a rating scale for subjective evaluation of vehicle handling. The scale is applicable for the evaluation of specific vehicle handling properties in specific maneuvers on the proving grounds and highways. The validity of the evaluation is restricted to the individual handling disciplines defined by these maneuvers and to the particular combination of conditions of the vehicle (e.g., equipment, degree of maintenance) and of the environment (e.g., road, weather). This document is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances.

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a rating scale for subjective evaluation of vehicle ride and handling. The scale is applicable for the evaluation of specific vehicle ride and handling properties, for specified maneuvers, road characteristics and driving conditions, on proving ground and public roads. The validity of the evaluation is restricted to the individual ride and handling disciplines defined by these maneuvers and to the particular combination of conditions of the vehicle (e.g., equipment, degree of maintenance) and of the environment (e.g., road, weather). This rating scale may not be suitable for some applications, such as specific types of ride or handling qualities, driver populations and market segments, or for correlating with objective measures. Appendix A - Other Scales discusses rating scales that better suit such applications.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes application of two closely related test procedures, which together determine the linear range longitudinal and lateral stiffnesses of a statically loaded non-rotating tire. The procedures apply to any tire so long as the equipment is properly sized to correctly conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development. NOTE: Herein, road load models are models for predicting forces applied to the vehicle spindles during operation over irregular pavements. Within the context of this document, forces applied to the pavement are not considered.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes application of two closely related test procedures, which together determine the linear range longitudinal and lateral stiffnesses of a statically loaded non-rotating tire. The procedures apply to any tire so long as the equipment is properly sized to correctly conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development. NOTE: Herein, road load models are models for predicting forces applied to the vehicle spindles during operation over irregular pavements. Within the context of this document, forces applied to the pavement are not considered.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes application of two closely related test procedures, which together determine the linear range longitudinal and lateral stiffnesses of a statically loaded non-rotating tire. The procedures apply to any tire so long as the equipment is properly sized to correctly conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development. NOTE: Herein, road load models are models for predicting forces applied to the vehicle spindles during operation over irregular pavements. Within the context of this document, forces applied to the pavement are not considered.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for determining the vertical force and deflection properties of a non-rolling tire and the associated contact patch length and width. The method applies to any tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development. NOTE: Herein, road load models are models for predicting forces applied to the vehicle spindles during operation over irregular pavements. Within the context of this Recommended Practice, forces applied to the pavement are not considered.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for determining the vertical force and deflection properties of a non-rolling tire and the associated contact patch length and width. The method applies to any tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development. NOTE: Herein, road load models are models for predicting forces applied to the vehicle spindles during operation over irregular pavements. Within the context of this Recommended Practice, forces applied to the pavement are not considered.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for determining the vertical force and deflection properties of a non-rolling tire and the associated contact patch length and width. The method applies to any tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development. NOTE—Herein, road load models are models for predicting forces applied to the vehicle spindles during operation over irregular pavements. Within the context of this Recommended Practice, forces applied to the pavement are not considered.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for determining the vertical force and deflection properties of a non-rolling tire and the associated contact patch length and width. The method applies to any tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development.