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The in-cylinder direct injection of fuels can be a further step towards cleaner and more efficient internal combustion engines. However, the injector design and its characterization, both experimental and from numerical simulation require accurate diagnostics and efficient models. This work aims to simulate the complex behavior of the gaseous and liquid jets through an outwardly opening injector characterized by optical diagnostics using a one-dimensional model without using three dimensional models. The behavior of the jet from an outwardly opening injector changes according to the type of fuel. In the case of the gas, the experimental investigations put in evidence three main jet regions: 1) near-field region where the jet shows a complex gas-dynamic structure; 2) transition region characterized by intense mixing; 3) far-field region characterized by a fully developed subsonic turbulent jet.

Euro 6 emission norms are getting implemented in India from April 2020 and it is being viewed as one of the greatest challenges ever faced by the Indian automotive industry. In order to achieve such stringent emission norms a good strategy will be to optimize the engine out emission through in cylinder emission control techniques and a right sized after treatment system has to be used for this optimized engine. There exist several factors and trade-off between these should be established for in cylinder optimization of emissions. Since the turbocharger plays an apex role in controlling both the performance and engine out emissions of a CI engine, turbocharger selection is a crucial step in the development of new generation of Euro 6 engines in India. Such engines are equipped with additional actuators such as Intake Throttle Valve and Exhaust Throttle Valve and combination of these flap operations with turbocharger output plays a prominent role in controlling performance and emission.

Several factors have driven the development of various electronic marine shift/throttle control systems in recent years. The benefits of marine electronic shift/throttle systems are increased cycle life, reduced maintenance requirements, and decreased installation concerns. Design considerations include selection of a microprocessor system, communication between nodes, operator feedback, and protocols for various mode selections. A recent development in marine electronic technology uses a distributed microprocessor approach that eliminates the negative factors associated with mechanical controls while actually improving operator feedback. The system's serial communication also allows for expansions into intelligent systems applications. This technology shows promise for use in industrial, automotive, and military applications.

The authors designed and produced a new dual fuel injector that allows two different kinds of fuel to be injected. This injector contains both a throttle type nozzle and a hole type which are located coaxially. The injection timing as well as the fuel quantity can be controlled individually. The running test using two lines of gas oil brought a good reduction of NOx and exhaust smoke. The experiment using gas oil and alcohol also brought a satisfactory reduction of exhaust emission.

We propose a novel dual-fuel combustion model for simulating heavy-duty engines with the G-Equation. Dual-Fuel combustion strategies in such engines features direct injection of a high-reactivity fuel into a lean, premixed chamber which has a high resistance to autoignition. Distinct combustion modes are present: the DI fuel auto-ignites following chemical ignition delay after spray vaporization and mixing; a reactive front is formed on its surroundings; it develops into a well-structured turbulent flame, which propagates within the premixed charge. Either direct chemistry or the flame-propagation approach (G- Equation), taken alone, do not produce accurate results. The proposed Dual-Fuel model decides what regions of the combustion chamber should be simulated with either approach, according to the local flame state; and acts as a “kernel” model for the G- Equation model. Direct chemistry is run in the regions where a premixed front is not present.

Combustion control strategy for high efficiency and low emissions in a heavy duty (H D) diesel engine was investigated experimentally in a single cylinder test engine with a common rail fuel system, EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) system, boost system and retarded intake valve closing timing actuator. For the operation loads of IMEPg (Gross Indicated Mean Effective Pressure) less than 1.1 MPa the low temperature combustion (LTC) with high rate of EGR was applied. The fuel injection modes of either single injection or multi-pulse injections, boost pressure and retarded intake valve closing timing (RIVCT) were also coupled with the engine operation condition loads for high efficiency and low emissions. A higher boost pressure played an important role in improving fuel efficiency and obtaining ultra-low soot and NOx emissions.

Biofuel can enable a sustainable transport solution and lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to standard fuels. This study focuses on biodiesel, implemented in the easiest way as drop in fuel. When mixing biodiesel into diesel one can run into problems with solubility causing contaminants precipitating out as insolubilities. These insolubilities, also called soft particles, can cause problems such as internal injector deposits and nozzle fouling. One way to overcome the problem of soft particles is by filtration. It is thus of great interest to be able to quantify fuel filters’ ability to intercept soft particles. The aim of this study is to test different fuel filters for heavy-duty engines and their ability to filter out synthetic soft particles. A custom-built fuel filter rig is presented, together with some of its general design requirements. For evaluation of the efficiency of the filters, fuel samples were taken before and after the filters.

Abstract To solve the problem that it is difficult for drivers to control the vehicle at low speed, a new setting scheme of pedal map is proposed to ensure that the vehicle has the speed controllability in the full speed range. In this scheme, based on obtaining the maximum and minimum driving characteristics of the vehicle and the driving resistance characteristics of the vehicle, the pedal map is divided into a sensitive area and insensitive area. In the insensitive area, acceleration hysteresis is formed, which ensures that the throttle is slightly fluctuated and has good speed stability. At the same time, the sensitive area of the accelerator pedal is formed far away from the driving resistance curve to ensure that the vehicle has a great acceleration ability. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, the data of a commercial vehicle is selected for the design of the pedal map, and the driver-vehicle closed-loop test based on the driving simulator is conducted.

Abstract In view of the combustion efficiency and emission performance, various new clean combustion modes put forward higher requirements for the performance of the fuel injection system, and the cavitating two-phase flow characteristics in the injector nozzle have a significant impact on the spray atomization and combustion performance. This article comprehensively discusses and summarizes the factors that affect cavitation and the effectiveness of cavitation, and presents the research status and existent problems under each factor. Among them, viscosity factors are a hot research topic that researchers are passionate about, and physical properties factors still have the value of further in-depth research. However, the importance of material surface factors ranks last since the nozzle material was determined. Establishing a more comprehensive cavitation–atomization model considering various factors is the focus of research on cavitation phenomena.

This paper presents a safety mechanism that is supposed to be used to enhance in the agricultural tractors. A tractor instability situation may be occurring when drawbar force becomes large enough to cause no load (weight) on its front axle. This endangers the tractor stability and the tractor will be overturned rearward. The proposed tractor safety mechanism is based on monitoring the location of tractor center of gravity and progressively shifting forward in a dead weight to counteract for the effect of tractors front lift-up. A laboratory tractor model has been developed in such a way that the lift of its front is sensed and accordingly a mechanism that shifts a movable dead weight ahead to the front a distance that automatically ensures its longitudinal stability. Such arrangement provides a solution that practically ensures longitudinal tractor stability in the situations when maximum drawbar-pull is suddenly developed.

Correlations of simply calculated fuel spray parameters with measured ISFC and smoke trends in a swirling direct injection diesel engine are described. These are based on a large number of results from experiments carried out on a 120.7 mm bore engine in which the induction swirl could be varied. The correlations indicate that (i) the fuel spray tip velocity at impingement on the chamber wall and (ii) the ‘crosswind’ over the spray at impingement have important influences. Based on these it is deduced that engine speed-related turbulence is a rate-controlling factor in DI diesel combustion.

A Diesel particulate trap oxidiser system suitable for retrofiting on urban buses is described. The system consists of a ceramic trap, a regeneration device and a control unit. The system is based on a new forced regeneration technique, by means of exhaust gas throttling. This technique establishes regeneration conditions on the road by the engine itself, with-out any external source of thermal energy or catalyst. Two buses in use with the Athens Public Transport Company (EAS) have been equipped with this system. The buses have been tested under real conditions on Athens urban bus routes and the results after the first 10000 km of operation are presented.

Maintaining the fuel temperature and fuel system components below certain values is an important design objective. Predicting these temperatures is therefore one of the key parts of the vehicle’s thermal management process. One of the physical processes affecting fuel tank temperature is fuel vaporization, which is controlled by the vapor pressure in the tank, fuel composition and fuel temperature. Models are developed to enable the computation of the fuel temperature, fuel vaporization rate in the tank, fuel temperatures along the fuel supply lines, and follow its path to the charcoal canister and into the engine intake. For diesel fuel systems where a fuel return line is used to return excess fluid back to the fuel tank, an energy balance will be considered to calculate the heat added from the high-pressure pump and vehicle under-hood and underbody.

The good relationship between the spray condition in the intake manifold and the combustion characteristics is required. Firstly by this report it was tried the visualization and observation of spray of gasoline injection. It was mainly photographed when injection just began and the spray impinged on a intake valve. The photographs of fuel spray were taken by a image converter type high speed camera. The characteristics of the fuel spray injected in early injection period is influenced with fuel pressure and flow rate of fuel. The atomizing phenomenon of tip fuel of spray could be visualized. The atomizing process in early injection period are differ from that in stady-state spray. And the picture of spray at impingement on the intake valve was shown too. The atomizing condition on the valve surface could be observed visually.

Apple’s mobile phone LiDAR capabilities were previously evaluated to obtain geometry from multiple exemplar vehicles, but results were inconsistent and less accurate than traditional ground-based LiDAR (SAE Technical Paper 2022-01-0832. Miller, Hashemian, Gillihan, Helms). This paper builds upon existing research by utilizing the newest version of the mobile LiDAR hardware and software previously studied, as well as evaluating additional objects of varying sizes and a newly released software not yet studied. To better explore the accuracy achievable with Apple mobile phone LiDAR, multiple objects with varied surface textures, colors, and sizes were scanned. These objects included exemplar passenger vehicles (including a motorcycle), a fuel tank, and a spare tire mounted on a chrome wheel. To test the repeatability of the presented methodologies, four participants scanned each object multiple times and created three individual data sets per software.

The government of India has decided to implement Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) emissions standards from April 2020. This requires OEMs to equip their diesel engines with costly after-treatment, EGR systems and higher rail pressure fuel systems. By one estimate, BS-VI engines are expected to be 15 to 20% more expensive than BS-IV engines, while also suffering with 2 to 3 % lower fuel economy. OEMs are looking for solutions to meet the BS-VI emissions standards while still keeping the upfront and operating costs low enough for their products to attract customers; however traditional engine technologies seem to have exhausted the possibilities. Fuel economy improvement technologies applied to traditional 4-stroke engines bring small benefits with large cost penalties. One promising solution to meet both current, and future, emissions standards with much improved fuel economy at lower cost is the Opposed Piston (OP) engine.