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There is potential to reduce GHG emissions in the HDV sector through different powertrain options (electric batteries, fuel cell batteries, and combustion engines), and different fuel or energy choices (hydrogen, biofuels, natural gas). The climate impacts of these technologies and fuels vary over the lifetime of the vehicle model. From extracting and processing raw materials to operation and maintenance, some powertrain options are more energy intensive to build than their counterparts, and some fuel sources can produce higher emissions during their production or use. The study uses a life-cycle assessment to analyze the options to allow policymakers and manufacturing companies to compare which powertrain and fuel options provide the largest GHG emissions reductions.

Quantifying exhaust gas composition and temperature in vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICEs) during transient engine operation, particularly cold starts, is crucial for understanding and implementing emission reduction strategies. However, commercially available gas analyzers and temperature sensors are too slow to measure these gas conditions on the timescale of individual cylinder firing events and they often employ extractive sampling methods. To address these limitations, a two-color mid-infrared (MIR) laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) sensor for in-situ measurements of gas temperature and carbon monoxide (CO) mole fraction at a rate of 15 kHz was developed. The LAS sensor utilizes two fiber-coupled quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) that were time-multiplexed to enable in-situ measurements of temperature and CO mole fraction at 15 kHz in the engine-out exhaust of an 8-cylinder gasoline ICE research vehicle.

To promote real time monitoring, IUPRm checks has been enforced in India from Apr’23 as a part of BS6-2 regulation. Since IUPRm monitoring is representative of diagnostic frequency in real driving conditions and usage pattern. therefore, a clear understanding of real-world driving is required to define IUPRm targets. This paper shares methodology and Validation steps for defining IUPR routes for Indian market. Methodology objective is to standardize the market operating conditions over a particular region. Selected Methodology consist of three steps: For defining IUPR route framework, first step is to have a pre-market survey to know current IUPR status and improvement areas in existing market vehicles. Second step is to define market representative localized on road routes based on the finding of Pre-market survey. Third step is to validate defined IUPR routes and correlate the output in reference to coverage of market operating conditions.

Emission regulations are becoming more stringent year by year. With the introduction of stringent Emission regulations in India, NOx emission limit has been significantly reduced for OBD test cases in BS 6 stage 2 (From April 2023). For BS6 stage 2, OBD NOx Emission target has been reduced by 40% w.r.t. BS6 stage 1. Different approaches have been adopted to meet stringent NOx emission targets, some of which include application of wide band lambda sensors and upgradation in deteriorated catalyst monitoring methodology. During the actual on road City conditions, varied engine operating condition scenario as experienced, leading to different catalytic convertor temperatures. The variation in the catalytic convertor temperature is experienced to have a noticeable effect on Oxygen storage capacity of the catalytic convertor.