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This aerospace Information Report (AIR) aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of Synthesized Power Indicators (SPI) and their application in the aviation industry. The report delves into the philosophy behind SPI, including its benefits and limitations. It explores various industry use cases and provide insights into the implementation of SPI in rotorcrafts. Additionally, the report focuses on certification and compliance considerations, outlining the requirements and standards that must be met for SPI incorporation. This document will serve as a valuable resource for aerospace professionals seeking guidance on SPI integration and certification processes.

Rectify the Zinc coating callout by reinstating “Type 1” to the ASTM B 633 callout.

Abstract Letter from the Special Issue Editors

Abstract The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the fatality risk of powered two-wheeler (PTW) riders across different impact orientations while controlling for different opponent vehicle (OV) types. For the crash configurations with higher fatality rate, the secondary objective was to create an initial speed–fatality prediction model specific to the United States. Data from the NHTSA Crash Reporting Sampling System and the Fatality Analysis Reporting System from 2017 to 2020 was used to estimate the odds of the different possible vehicle combinations and orientations in PTW–OV crashes. Binary logistic regression was then used to model the speed–fatality risk relationship for the configurations with the highest fatality odds. Results showed that collisions with heavy trucks were more likely to be fatal for PTW riders than those with other OV types.

Abstract In this study, a parametric thoracic spine (T-spine) model was developed to account for morphological variations among the adult population. A total of 84 CT scans were collected, and the subjects were evenly distributed among age groups and both sexes. CT segmentation, landmarking, and mesh morphing were performed to map a template mesh onto the T-spine vertebrae for each sampled subject. Generalized procrustes analysis (GPA), principal component analysis (PCA), and linear regression analysis were then performed to investigate the morphological variations and develop prediction models. A total of 13 statistical models, including 12 T-spine vertebrae and a spinal curvature model, were combined to predict a full T-spine 3D geometry with any combination of age, sex, stature, and body mass index (BMI). A leave-one-out root mean square error (RMSE) analysis was conducted for each node of the mesh predicted by the statistical model for every T-spine vertebra.

Abstract Introduction: The use of less lethal impact munitions (LLIMs) by law enforcement has increased in frequency, especially following nationwide protests regarding police brutality and racial injustice in the summer of 2020. There are several reports of the projectiles causing severe injuries when they penetrate the skin including pulmonary contusions, bone fractures, liver lacerations, and, in some cases, death. The penetration threshold of skin in different body regions is due to differences in the underlying structure (varying degree of muscle, adipose tissue, and presence or absence of bone). Objective: The objective of this study was to further investigate what factors affected the likelihood of skin penetration in various body regions and to develop corresponding penetration risk curves.

Abstract Compressive impacts on the cervical spine can result in bony fractures. Bone fragments displaced into the spinal canal produce spinal canal occlusion, increasing the potential for spinal cord injury (SCI). Human body models (HBMs) provide an opportunity to investigate SCI but currently need to be improved in their ability to model compression fractures and the resulting material flow. Previous work to improve fracture prediction included the development of an anisotropic material model for the bone (hard tissues) of the vertebrae assessed in a functional spinal unit (FSU) model. In the FSU model, bony failure was modeled with strain-based element erosion, with a limitation that material that could occlude the spinal canal during compression was removed when an element was eroded.

Abstract Analysis of Kinetic Metrics in Submarining vs Non-Submarining Conditions for a 6YO Pediatric Human Body Model in Frontal Impacts

Abstract Bilateral knee impacts were conducted on Hybrid III and THOR 5th percentile female anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), and the results were compared to previously reported female PMHS data. Each ATD was impacted at velocities of 2.5, 3.5, and 4.9 m/s. Knee–thigh–hip (KTH) loading data, obtained either via direct measurement or through exercising a one-dimensional lumped parameter model (LPM), was analyzed for differences in loading characteristics including the maximum force, time to maximum force, loading rate, and loading duration. In general, the Hybrid III had the highest loading rate and maximum force, and the lowest loading duration and time to peak force for each point along KTH. Conversely, the PMHS generally had the lowest loading rate and maximum force, and the highest loading duration and time to peak force for each point along KTH.

Abstract Pre-crash vehicle maneuvers are known to affect occupant posture and kinematics, which consequently may influence injury risks during a collision. In this study, the influence of pre-crash vehicle maneuvers on the injury risks of front-seated occupants during a frontal crash was numerically evaluated. A generic buck vehicle model was developed based on a publicly available FE model, which included the vehicle interior and the front passenger airbag (PAB). The pre-crash phase was simulated using specific rigid-body human models with active joints (GHBMCsi-pre models) developed based on exterior shapes of the simplified deformable human model (GHBMCsi) representing a 50th male subject. Two pre-crash maneuvers representing (1) a generic 1g braking and (2) turning-and-braking scenarios were simulated.

Abstract Pyrotechnic seat belt pretensioners typically remove 8–15 cm of belt slack and help couple an occupant to the seat. Our study investigated pretensioner deployment on forward-leaning, live volunteers. The forward-leaning position was chosen because research indicates that passengers frequently depart from a standard sitting position. Characteristics of the 3D kinematics of forward-leaning volunteers following pretensioner deployment determines if body size is correlated with subject response. Nine adult subjects (three female), ages 18–43 years old, across a wide range of body sizes (50–120 kg) were tested. The age was limited to young, active adults as pyrotechnic pretensioners can deliver a notable force to the trunk. Subjects assumed a forward-leaning position, with 26 cm between C7 and the headrest, in a laboratory setting that replicated the passenger seat of a vehicle.

The new frontier for innovation is here for electric and automated vehicles. Commercial vehicle manufacturers are adapting to new and changing technologies for braking in medium and heavy duty vehicles, EVs and AVs. The Brake and Advance Driver Assistance Systems Steering Committee has created two new task forces to address electro-mechanical braking and electronic steering performance requirements for medium and heavy duty vehicles, EVs and AVs. This panel of government, research and industry experts will present and discuss their research, findings, and insight regarding braking and steering technologies. The panel will explore approaches to managing commercial medium and heavy trucks, tractors and buses braking and steering systems when installed on EVs and AVs. Learn more about the Participants

The new frontier of EVs and ADs is generating several new electrical / electronic systems on medium and heavy duty commercial vehicles. This session will present and discuss some of the areas where the Electrical / Electronic Steering Committee work is focus on developing new standards and overhauling existing standards to support the new frontier for innovation of electronic systems for medium and heavy commercial vehicles. Learn more about the Participants

Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) features have been increasingly important in the safety and comfort of drivers, and are the foundational elements of autonomous driving capabilities. The sensing and interpretation of scenarios, and actuation of braking, steering or other collision avoidance actions are designed and developed using complex specifications and validation protocols. As vehicle manufacturers look to reduce on-road prototype testing, the integration and testing of these systems is moving to a simulated environment, assisted by the use various types of driving simulators. This session will present the opportunities to utilize advanced driving simulators in the development of ADAS systems for commercial vehicles, the challenges of meeting industry expectations and the infrastructure necessary to achieve meaningful results. Learn more about the Participants