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This SAE Recommended Practice describes the test procedures for conducting quasi-static modular body strength tests for ambulance applications. Its purpose is to establish recommended test practices which standardize the procedure for Type I and Type III bodies, provide ambulance builders and end-users with testing procedures and, where appropriate, provide acceptance criteria that, to a great extent, ensures the ambulance structure meets the same performance criteria across the industry. ...Its purpose is to establish recommended test practices which standardize the procedure for Type I and Type III bodies, provide ambulance builders and end-users with testing procedures and, where appropriate, provide acceptance criteria that, to a great extent, ensures the ambulance structure meets the same performance criteria across the industry. ...Its purpose is to establish recommended test practices which standardize the procedure for Type I and Type III bodies, provide ambulance builders and end-users with testing procedures and, where appropriate, provide acceptance criteria that, to a great extent, ensures the ambulance structure meets the same performance criteria across the industry. Descriptions of the test set-up, test instrumentation, photographic/video coverage, and the test fixtures are included.

This SAE Information Report describes the testing and reporting procedures that may be used to evaluate and document the excursion of a worker or civilian when transported in a seated and restrained position in the patient compartment of a ground ambulance when exposed to a front, side, or rear impact. Its purpose is to provide seating and occupant restraint manufacturers, ambulance builders, and end-users with testing procedures and documentation methods needed to identify head travel paths in crash loading events. ...Its purpose is to provide seating and occupant restraint manufacturers, ambulance builders, and end-users with testing procedures and documentation methods needed to identify head travel paths in crash loading events. ...Rather, the goal is to provide ambulance manufacturers with the data needed to design safer and functionally sound workstations for Emergency Medical Service workers so that workers are better able to safely perform patient care tasks in a moving ambulance.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes the test procedures for conducting rear impact occupant restraint and equipment mounting integrity tests for ambulance patient compartment applications. Its purpose is to describe crash pulse characteristics and establish recommended test procedures that will standardize restraint system and equipment mount testing for ambulances. ...Its purpose is to describe crash pulse characteristics and establish recommended test procedures that will standardize restraint system and equipment mount testing for ambulances. Descriptions of the test set-up, test instrumentation, photographic/video coverage, and the test fixtures are included.

This program consisted of testing one Type I ambulance mounted on a Ford F-350 truck chassis (1994 vintage), and three Type III ambulances mounted on Ford E-350 van chassis (two 1993, and one 1999 vintage). ...Army Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM), and the Ministry of Health & Long-Term Care, Ontario (Canada), conducted a test program to evaluate the capability of mobile restraint systems to protect occupants in the patient compartment of an ambulance. This paper focuses on the vehicle chassis behavior and acceleration pulses as seen in each test conducted to support the program. ...A vehicle-to-vehicle side impact test was conducted using the Type I ambulance with a targeted change in velocity of 27.4 kph (17 mph). A 1984 Chevrolet Sierra 2500 was the impacting vehicle for the side test.

This comparative evaluation of USA ‘concept safety’ ambulances and a standard Australian ambulance is based on basic principles of crashworthiness and available crash test data. ...Ambulances are largely exempt from crashworthiness and occupant protection passive safety design standards in the USA, and have a poor road safety record. ...There are features of USA ambulance design that are not within known principles and technical aspects of crashworthiness and safety design, and include some predictable serious occupant protection hazards.

The vibration and instability experienced in an ambulance can lead to secondary injury to a patient and discourage a paramedic from emergency care. ...This paper presents a hydraulically interconnected suspension (HIS) system which can achieve enhanced cooperative control of roll, pitch and bounce motion modes to improve the ambulance's ride comfort and handling performance. A lumped-mass model integrated with a mechanical and hydraulic coupled system is developed by using free-body diagram and transfer matrix methods. ...A special modal analysis method is employed to reveal the vibration characteristics of the ambulance with the HIS. A series of frequency analyses, including free vibration with identified eigenvalues and eigenvectors, vibration transmissibility and force vibration with stochastic road inputs, are performed to evaluate the vehicular performance between an ambulance with a conventional suspension and one with the HIS.

Ambulances have different performance needs and structural design compared to standard passenger vehicles. ...Also occupants in the ambulance rear patient compartment maybe side facing, rear facing or recumbent. There is also no USA dynamic safety standard for testing the ambulance patient compartment occupant or equipment restraint systems. ...There is also no USA dynamic safety standard for testing the ambulance patient compartment occupant or equipment restraint systems. This study describes an accelerator sled test conducted of an ambulance rear cabin environment which demonstrates some optimal restraint practices for pediatric patients and also the interaction between the different occupants and the need for effective restraint systems.

Accelerator sled testing of the ambulance rear patient compartment (ambulance box or rear cabin) with Anthropomorphic Test Devices was conducted under frontal impact conditions with a target sled pulse was 26 G and 30 mph. ...ABSTRACT There has been very limited research on the biomechanics of occupant safety in the ambulance environment. Occupant protection or crash testing safety standards for these unique vehicles are lacking in the United States. ...Recent studies have identified ambulances as high risk passenger transport vehicles. This study was conducted to identify some of the occupant safety hazards in the ambulance environment and to determine the efficacy of some countermeasures to mitigate ambulance occupant injury.

This study is an interim report on work in progress which demonstrates occupant safety and crashworthiness of ambulance vehicles in vehicle to vehicle intersection type crash tests. The ambulance vehicles were configured with instrumented ATDs to represent 95th percentile male, 5th percentile female and 3 year child occupants. ...There are no dynamic safety testing standards specifically for ambulance vehicles in the USA. These vehicles have also been identified to have high crash injury and fatality rates per mile, with a majority of the fatalities involving either an intersection or a frontal crash. ...The urgent need for improvements to ambulance crash safety standards and designs are discussed.

An investigation by Porsche into the requirements for ambulance vehicles to be used in the next decade led to the development of the SAVE system. The system consists of a 2.8 t transport vehicle of almost arbitrary selection, an additional mechanical or hydropneumatic cushioning system incorporated in the composite construction, and a removable rescue compartment. ...This compartment is compatible with the frame of any of the SAVE ambulances. The paper first defines and evaluates the goals of the investigation. Next are discussed individual attributes of the vehicle: driving performance, driving safety, communication including warning systems (e.g. sirens, lights), and passenger safety and comfort. ...The conflicting demands of patient care, safety of personnel, and general traffic safety were uncoupled from each other by the successful adaption of the salient features of the SAVE ambulance (e.g., special cushioning system, removable rescue compartment). This allows improvements to be made in each category.

Abstract The following article presents flow field and particle dispersion data from a United Kingdom (UK) National Health Service (NHS) ambulance, under static and dynamic driving conditions and when using different ventilation modes.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes the test procedures for conducting quasi-static modular body strength tests for ambulance applications. Its purpose is to establish recommended test practices which standardize the procedure for Type I and Type III bodies, provide ambulance builders and end-users with testing procedures and, where appropriate, provide acceptance criteria that, to a great extent, ensures the ambulance structure meets the same performance criteria across the industry. ...Its purpose is to establish recommended test practices which standardize the procedure for Type I and Type III bodies, provide ambulance builders and end-users with testing procedures and, where appropriate, provide acceptance criteria that, to a great extent, ensures the ambulance structure meets the same performance criteria across the industry. ...Its purpose is to establish recommended test practices which standardize the procedure for Type I and Type III bodies, provide ambulance builders and end-users with testing procedures and, where appropriate, provide acceptance criteria that, to a great extent, ensures the ambulance structure meets the same performance criteria across the industry. Descriptions of the test set-up, test instrumentation, photographic/video coverage, and the test fixtures are included.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes the dynamic and static testing procedures required to evaluate the integrity of the ambulance substructure, to support the safe mounting of an SAE J3027 compliant litter retention device or system, when exposed to a frontal, side or rear impact (i.e., a crash impact). ...Its purpose is to provide manufacturers, ambulance builders, and end-users with testing procedures and, where appropriate, acceptance criteria that to a great extent ensure the ambulance substructure meets the same performance criteria across the industry. ...Its purpose is to provide manufacturers, ambulance builders, and end-users with testing procedures and, where appropriate, acceptance criteria that to a great extent ensure the ambulance substructure meets the same performance criteria across the industry. Prospective manufacturers or vendors have the option of performing either dynamic testing or static testing.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes the test procedures for conducting side impact occupant restraint and equipment mounting integrity tests for ambulance patient compartment applications. Its purpose is to describe crash pulse characteristics and establish recommended test procedures that will standardize restraint system and equipment mounting testing for ambulances. ...Its purpose is to describe crash pulse characteristics and establish recommended test procedures that will standardize restraint system and equipment mounting testing for ambulances. Descriptions of the test set-up, test instrumentation, photographic/video coverage, and the test fixtures are included.

This SAE Recommended Practice describes the test procedures for conducting rear impact occupant restraint and equipment mounting integrity tests for ambulance patient compartment applications. Its purpose is to describe crash pulse characteristics and establish recommended test procedures that will standardize restraint system and equipment mount testing for ambulances. ...Its purpose is to describe crash pulse characteristics and establish recommended test procedures that will standardize restraint system and equipment mount testing for ambulances. Descriptions of the test set-up, test instrumentation, photographic/video coverage, and the test fixtures are included.

This paper reports the findings from an investigation of an ambulance crash during which an infant, occupying a transport incubator, was seriously injured. ...In addition, it reports on the results from the development and testing of a methodology for restraining infants being transported by an ambulance while occupying a transport incubator. During the crash, the incubator detached from the ambulance attachment system. ...During the crash, the incubator detached from the ambulance attachment system. The infant was ejected from the incubator and sustained critical head injuries.

Ambulance patients are subjected to high vibration levels because of the lack of coordination of damping characteristics of vehicle and stretcher in modern ambulances. ...Ambulance patients are subjected to high vibration levels because of the lack of coordination of damping characteristics of vehicle and stretcher in modern ambulances. A parameter study optimized the dynamic characteristics of the stretcher support in relation to the vehicle by drawing on data of a previous investigation.

Moreover, the M561 can be used as a command and communications vehicle, troop and cargo carrier, ambulance, and prime mover of towed trucks. The versatility of the M561 will make it a valuable addition to the military's transportation fleet.

Modifications to various models are discussed in some detail, listing both the benefits and shortcomings of each based on the USAF's Special Operations Force experience in using general aviation aircraft for reconnaissance, liaison, courier, ambulance, infiltration, transport, leaflet dropping, mosquito control, and agricultural purposes.

The crash phase deals with the vehicle’s interior and exterior design and the crash design of the highway; the postcrash phase discusses emergency response systems such as communication, ambulance attendants, first aid knowledge, and emergency hospital facilities.