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Therefore, several methods have been included in this document as indicated below with the emissions methods categorized by pollutants: Emissions Modeling Methods ○ NOx, CO, and THC ▪ P3T3 ▪ Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 (BFFM2) ▪ Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft- and Raumfahrt (DLR) Method ▪ International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Reference Method ○ CO2, H2O, and SOx ▪ Fuel Composition Method (FCM) ○ VOC, NMVOC, CH4 and NMTHC ▪ Derivative Factor Method (DFM) ○ N2O ▪ Approximate Factor Method (AFM) ○ PM2.5 and PM10 ▪ First Order Approximation (FOA) Aircraft Performance Methods ○ Aircraft performance data from flight data recorders ○ Manufacturer aircraft performance models ○ SAE AIR 1845 combined with Eurocontrol’s Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) ○ Eurocontrol’s BADA ○ Other aircraft performance models such as the Project Interactive Analysis and Optimisation (PIANO) tool Both of these sets of emissions and aircraft performance methods are listed in the order in which they are presented in this document.

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) summarizes prior empirical findings (AIAA 2018-3991; Chati, 2018) to recommend a modified baseline fuel flow rate model for jet-powered commercial aircraft during taxi operations on the airport surface that better reflects operational values. Existing standard modeling approaches are found to significantly overestimate the taxi fuel flow rate; therefore, a modified multiplicative factor is recommended to be applied to these existing approaches to make them more accurate. Results from the analysis of operational flight data are reported, which form the basis for the modeling enhancements being recommended.

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