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This experimental study investigates the thermal behavior of a 48V lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack comprising three identical modules, each containing 12 prismatic LIB cells. The objective is to investigate the thermal performance of the LIB pack under real-world operating conditions using a worldwide harmonized light duty test cycle and its inverted version. Two cases are tested whose difference is the initial state of charge (SOC), 90% for Case1 and 60% for Case2. The temperature distribution within the battery pack and cooling system is measured using 27 thermocouples. The results show that external surfaces exhibit the lowest temperatures, while the middle cells experience the highest. In addition, an abnormal temperature spike in a specific cell shows external influences or internal irregularities of the LIB cell, emphasizing the need to utilize a high number of thermocouples. Comparing Case1 and Case2, Case2 demonstrates a higher temperature rise at the cycle's beginning.

In order to study the effects of air bulk motion and methane injection strategies on the development and pollutant levels of dual-fuel combustion, an intense experimental campaign was performed on a diesel common rail research engine with variable inlet configurations. Activating only the swirl or the tumble inlet valve of the engine, or both of them, it was possible to obtain, inside the cylinder, three different bulk flow structures. The air-methane mixture was obtained injecting the gaseous fuel into the inlet manifold varying its pressure and the injector position, either very close to the inlet valves, in order to obtain a stratified-like mixture, or more upstream, to obtain a homogeneous-like mixture. By combining the two different positions of the injector and the three air bulk flow structures, seven different inlet setup have been tested, at different values of engine speed and load.