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Emissions and fuel consumption reduction for the year 2020 have led to the development of new powertrain solutions. The development of new electric concepts presents vehicle integration challenges, involving among others, NVH. Energy flow is controlled by inverters that transform the energy from DC to AC by working at frequencies of the order of kilohertz with a control strategy that can abruptly switch, and motors introduce high orders and electro-magnetic forces due to their topology, inducing phenomena that are not present in internal- combustion engine vehicles. In Particular, a common characteristic of permanent magnet motors is cogging torque, which is due to the attraction of the rotor poles and stator slots that induces a torque ripple causing comfort challenges at low speed and low torque conditions.

Vehicle simulation models are essential throughout the development process in the automotive industry. The benefit starts when benchmarking, continues when target setting and component selection and permits model-based development of controllers and strategies to ease the calibration of the vehicle. This paper studies the suitability of different vehicle performance and consumption simulation methodologies based on longitudinal dynamics for the variety of applications on vehicle development. These methodologies can be applied to architectures ranging from quadricycles to trucks and from combustion to hybrid. The main difference between methodologies is the solver, which influences the results and the area of application. The two main trends, namely forward and backward simulation, have features that make them not suitable for all the applications.

The ELVA project (Advanced Electric Vehicle Architectures) was co-funded under the European Commission's 7th Framework Programme and had the goal of developing vehicle architectures specifically designed for electric powered vehicles. The consortium was formed by the Institute for Automotive Engineering (ika) of RWTH Aachen University (coordinator), Applus+ IDIADA, Volkswagen, Renault, Centro Richerche Fiat (CRF), Continental and the Swedish Vehicle and Traffic Safety Centre (SAFER).