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Water wading tests are commonly performed for vehicles to ensure the functional integrity of different under-hood components at different water depths. This test has its relevance in both conventional Internal Combustion (IC) engine-based vehicles and Electric Vehicles (EVs). In IC engines, it is important for designing the Air Induction System (AIS), and for EVs, it helps to check the wetting of critical electrical and electronic components. The experimental setup for this test includes a long water tunnel where the car enters and exits the pool of water through a ramp. This work is an extension of the work done by Varshney et al. [6] where the Moving Reference Frame (MRF) technique was used to account for the motion of the car and the rotation of the wheels. The current work uses mesh morphing techniques to account for the motion of the vehicle and the rotation of the wheels that replicates the actual test conditions, including the inclination of the vehicle on the ramp.

The standard capability of engine experimental studies is that ensemble averaged quantities like in-cylinder pressure from multiple cycles and emissions are reported and the cycle to cycle variation (CCV) of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) is captured from many consecutive combustion cycles for each test condition. However, obtaining 3D spatial distribution of all the relevant quantities such as fuel-air mixing, temperature, turbulence levels and emissions from such experiments is a challenging task. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of engine flow and combustion can be used effectively to visualize such 3D spatial distributions. A dual fuel engine is considered in the current study, with manifold injected natural gas (NG) and direct injected diesel pilot for ignition.