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A considerable amount of research has been conducted to evaluate the effects of road surface discontinuities and disturbances on vehicle dynamics and accident causation. This paper addresses the real world effects of these conditions by reviewing the analyses of actual physical evidence of accidents involving alleged road defects. Analysis and testing techniques are described and alternative causative elements are presented.

Major legislation has been established in Europe governing the noise levels of heavy construction equipment. Level limits, test procedures, data acquisition techniques, and future legislation of several European countries are presented specifically for rubber tired front end loaders. Techniques utilized in determining problem source components and methods employed in attenuation of the vehicle to comply with the existing legislation are also discussed. Special attention is given to the spectator level where the regulation limits are most stringent. However, many of the modifications shown are also effective in reducing operator station noise levels.