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The relationship between the physical and chemical properties and performance of gasolines and diesel fuel are discussed based on work reported in the literature. For gasolines, emphasis is placed on the effects of oxygenates when used as gasoline blending components. With the phase-out of leaded gasoline, and the eventual return of short gasoline supply, the use of oxygenated blending agents will increase in order to meet the octane demands for unleaded gasolines. Octane and volatility are the two most important quality aspects of gasolines. Oxygenates, particularly methanol and ethanol, have definite effects on these properties. The correlation between gasoline composition and its effect on other areas, e.g., emissions, water tolerance and elastomers, are also shown. For diesel fuel, emphasis is placed on the API Gravity, cetane, cloud and pour point, and stability.