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This paper describes full-scale engine studies conducted to determine the feasibility and compatability of ammonia combustion in various systems. Briefly outlined is the spark-ignition investigation undertaken by the Army Laboratory to learn the potential and effect of ammonia as a fuel and to study the influence of engine variables on combustion. A study of compression-ignition performance was made to ascertain the ability of ammonia to be pumped in existing injection systems and various means of achieving ammonia combustion were explored. Conclusions drawn from these studies on the use of ammonia as a fuel are given.

The influence of low temperature on fuel injection and combustion in compression-ignition engines was studied. Both unit injector and plunger pump-remote injection nozzle systems were investigated, and findings on spray characteristics such as penetration, cone angle, and injection timing are presented. Fuels used in these tests ranged from the minimum practical viscosity as well as varying densities through the use of Blended Fuels. A summary of findings and test results are included, together with recommendations for subsequent investigations.

An investigation of conventional glassware techniques for determining the thermal-oxidation stability of gear lubricants revealed a lack of correlation with field service results. Therefore, a new apparatus and procedure were developed to provide industry with a reliable method of qualifying military gear lubricants. The history of the technique development is presented in this paper as well as test data. The results show that the thermal-oxidation stability of gear lubricants may be satisfactorily predicted with good repeatability and the test data agree with field results in both order and magnitude of rating. Following the development of the test technique, a new project was initiated to enhance existing knowledge of temperature and oxygen influences on the thermal-oxidation phenomena using the apparatus previously described. The effect of oxygen was studied by conducting tests with oxygen, air, and various inert gases while keeping the test oil temperature constant.