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Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) represent a robust and accurate solution to study the in-use emissions of combustion engines. The application of PEMS is now ranging from large engines to the smallest light-duty vehicles. The current commercially available PEMS exhibit measurement performances that are close to the ones of laboratory grade systems; when PEMS data are analysed with an adequate method, the test results allow a detailed insight into the on-road emissions performance of the vehicles with respect to their behaviour on the standard laboratory test cycles. The development of representative test cycles, which has become a typical approach in the last years, supposed to address special driving situations, now becomes less efficient because of the effort needed for their development and the poor representativeness of the results. In this light, PEMS testing offers an easy and efficient way to evaluate the vehicle emissions over a huge variety of conditions.