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Over the past decade, society’s concern for the state of the environment has increased. Several actions have been taken by governments, non-governmental organizations, public and private environmental and health agencies to limit pollutant emissions. Within this context, the control of vehicle emissions has become increasingly stringent. Emission limits have been substantially reduced, and the role of unregulated emissions is increasing in importance. Ammonia is the third most abundant nitrogen compound in the atmosphere. Ammonia emissions have received special attention due to their contribution to secondary particulate matter production in the forms of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of fuel sulfur content on ammonia emissions in a Euro III motorcycle.

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles are considered to be one of the solutions for engine optimization with regard to fuel consumption. This combustion system potentially provides, depending on the duty cycle, an improvement in fuel economy of 5 - 10%. In Brazil, mainly due to new requirements to reduce consumption imposed by the Inovar Auto automotive regime, this technology is becoming more popular and in 2013 the first flexfuel GDI vehicle was produced. However, GDI engines tend to produce more particulate matter compared to conventional engines. The present article is based on the study of particulate matter emissions from a GDI vehicle tested according to the FTP75 (Federal Test Procedure 75) and HWFET (Highway Fuel Economy Test) cycles. The vehicle was fuelled with gasoline (A22) and with hydrated ethanol (HER). It was observed that the particulate matter formed after the combustion process is directly related to the fuel properties.

Brazil is one of the biggest markets for motorcycles around the world. New emission legislation is taking place leading to the release of new motorcycles equipped with catalyst converters and electronic injection system. Although emission formation is quite understood regarding light duty vehicles, it is necessary to do further studies for motorcycles vehicles. This paper presents the results of an investigation regarding regulated and unregulated emissions (aldehydes and ammonia) from four 4-stroke gasoline motorcycles. Three motorcycles equipped with three-way catalytic converters and one EURO 1 motorcycle, without catalyst system, were tested on a chassis dynamometer according to the 97/24/EC drive cycle. Regulated emissions (CO, HC, and NOx) were measured with 7000 series Horiba benches and unregulated emissions were analyzed by a SESAM series AVL FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Analyzer), including pre- and post-catalytic converter data acquisition.