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The shift towards information intensive, technically sophisticated, military missions will have major implications for current and future training systems which will be developed and implemented under greater budget constraints than previous systems. New Methodologies such as Instructional Systems Development (ISD) Decision Aiding Models; Cognitive Conceptual Representation for Decision Making, and Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) (a form of expert system) hold promise to reduce instructional development time, reduce manpower requirements, and improve methodologies to train higher levels of cognitive skill complexity.

Efficacy of heart period was investigated as part of a study of effective methods of pilot workload assessment. Pilots flew missions in the NASA Ames Boeing 727, Phase II certified simulator while workload measures were taken during missions under normal or emergency conditions. In addition to the heart mean and standard deviation, other descriptive statistical procedures were performed, including skewedness, kurtosis, and spectral analyses, which proved relevant to the discriminating power of the heart period as a measure of pilot workload.