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The present turbo-charged direct injection 660cm3 engine achieves low engine-out emissions and low fuel consumption with high engine output because of synergies of direct injection combined with turbo-charging. The fuel mixture in the combustion chamber is slightly stratified and is slightly richer than stoichiometric in the vicinity of the spark plug at the time of ignition, thereby yielding stable combustion. This reduces the unburned HC at cold start operation and makes is possible to retard spark timing at cold start operation, which activates the catalyst quicker and reduces exhaust emissions. Also, the stable combustion allows introduction of higher EGR(Exhaust Gas Recirculation) rates, which reduces NOx emission and improves fuel economy resulting from low pumping loss. Due to charge cooling, the compression ratio can be increased, which has inherent fuel economy advantage as well.

We have developed a small-displacement gasoline direct-injection engine (1.3L). Gasoline direct-injection engines rely on ultra-lean stratified combustion to deliver significantly better fuel economy, and are already used in many practical applications. When gasoline direct-injection is applied to a small-displacement engine, however, the amount of wall wetting of fuel on the piston surface will increase because the traveled length of the fuel spray is short. This may result in problems such as smoke production, high emissions of unburned HC, and poor combustion efficiency.