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Neck injuries resulting from rear-end collisions rank among the top car safety problems and have serious implications for society. Many rear impact sled experiments with volunteers and PMHSs have been performed in the past. However, in most of these studies, T1 kinematics were not obtained so that the kinematic behavior of the neck could not be separated from the motion of the rest of the spine. Also, to the best knowledge of the authors, the effect of anthropometric parameters on the head-neck kinematics was not studied before. The objective of this study is to describe the kinematic response of the head-neck system during low severity rear end impacts. In addition, the effect of anthropometric parameters such as height, weight and neck circumference was investigated. For this purpose, a total of 43 tests with 19 subjects was performed. Values for Δv ranged between 6.5 and 9.5 km/h.

Within the ISO/TC22/SC12/WG1 „Child Restraint Systems” an ad-hoc group was founded to develop a test standard for side impact protection for children in child seats. Within this task an international database of accidents with MAIS 2+ injured children has been established. This material, from 10 research institutes, compiling a total database of 139 side impacts of children from 0-12 years, has been analyzed. From this sample a selected database with 69 cases has been assembled, where cases with misuse, ejection and catastrophic intrusions have been excluded to focus on accidents with correct working restraint systems. A detailed description of the selected accidents is given. For children sitting in a CRS, severe to critical injuries were observed mostly for head and cervical-spine, whereas 2/3- point belted children showed a higher incidence of thorax and abdominal injuries.