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The evolution of in-depth research studies in Europe is reviewed, with particular emphasis on work in Britain since the early 1960's. The catalytic role of the NATO-CCMS programme in establishing in-depth teams in a number of countries and in developing common methodologies, notably in crash and injury severity, is outlined. The methodology of in-depth studies currently being conducted at the Accident Research Units at Birmingham University and at the Institute for Consumer Ergonomics at Loughborough is outlined and some observations are made on data collection techniques, analysis and project management.

Some of the factors influencing the introduction of mandatory seatbelt use in Great Britain are outlined. The effectiveness of seatbelts is considered. Pre- and postlaw seatbelt use rates are described. The reductions in frontseat car occupant casualties following the introduction of the law are reported, and it is noted the actual reduction in fatalities is in line with the expected reduction. The results of the time series analyses of all road accident casualties are presented. These analyses indicate, with the data currently available, the changes in the numbers of other road users injured and killed cannot be attributed to the effects of the seatbelt legislation but are in line with normal seasonal and annual fluctuations. A brief review is made of studies relevant to the debate on risk compensation, and it is concluded that available evidence indicates that risk compensation probably does not occur when drivers are compelled to wear seatbelts.

A brief review of pedestrian injury research in Europe is made. The circumstances of pedestrian accidents are described and particular attention is given to the location of the pedestrian's initial contact with the vehicle exterior and to the speed of the vehicle at impact. The dynamics of pedestrian impact are described. Some data on the pattern of pedestrian injury is presented and the general cause of pedestrian injury considered. The influence of bumper height, bonnet height, bumper lead and front structure compliance on pelvic and leg injuries is considered. The influence of vehicle design on vehicle contact head injuries is examined. Consideration is given to the likely benefits to pedestrians that could accrue from changes in vehicle exterior design.

This paper outlines the characteristics of rollover accidents based on a representative sample of British cars and light vans. The data come from on-the-spot and follow up investigations of accidents conducted by Birmingham University and the Ford Motor Company in which damaged vehicles were examined and information from them correlated with injury data obtained from hospitals. Rollovers are either initiated by impact with another vehicle or are simple rolls, the incidence of other types of roll being low. Door opening rates are shown to be high, and the character of roof collapse, in terms of position and amount, is described. The sources of injury to occupants is discussed. Injury to the head or face occurred in 96% of injured occupants. Seat belts, when worn, prevent ejection but cannot offer complete immunity from injury in this type of accident. Some improvements in crash performance are outlined and a tentative testing procedure is mentioned.