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As engines advance toward greater efficiency and lower emissions, there is increasing need for accurate real-time residual models for engine control. Both the formulation of real-time-capable models and the development of methods for measuring or estimating residuals during engine calibration have been difficult and longstanding problems. This paper describes development of a low-cost, easy-to-use tool for on-line residual estimation in all cylinders of an IC engine. The basic method, hardware required, and software structure are described. The residual estimation tool was applied to estimate residuals over the operating map in all cylinders of a six-cylinder direct-injection SI engine equipped with dual-independent phasers. The data was used to calibrate a real-time residual model integrated into the engine management system. Validation data confirming accuracy of the model are presented.

One promising solution for increasing vehicle fuel economy, while still maintaining long-range driving capability, is the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). A PHEV is a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) whose rechargeable energy source can be recharged from an external power source, making it a combination of an electric vehicle and a traditional hybrid vehicle. A PHEV is capable of operating as an electric vehicle until the battery is almost depleted, at which point the on-board internal combustion engine turns on, and generates power to meet the vehicle demands. When the vehicle is not in use, the battery can be recharged from an external energy source, once again allowing electric driving. A series of models is presented which simulate various powertrain architectures of PHEVs. To objectively evaluate the effect of powertrain architecture on fuel economy, the models were run according to the latest test procedures and all fuel economy values were utility factor weighted.